Na: Ndahiro Tom

Mperutse gusohora inyandiko igaya indi y’abanyarwanda 27 banditse ariko isohoka ari nka ‘tract’ kuko amazina y’abayanditse atagaragaraga. Kuyavumbura byatumye basohora inyandiko nk’iyo ariko noneho ifite amazina y’abayisinye 28.  Ibyo bikaba bisobanura ko nyuma yo kubavugaho, abo twavuze mbere hiyongereyeho umwe. Inyandiko twanenze ni iy’Abacitse ku icumu rya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi ariko bapfobya Jenoside, bakibasira abarimo Dr. Jean Damascene Bizimana wa CNLG, na njye.

Nyuma yo gusohoka kw’iyo nyandiko igaya ibyo abo 28 banditse, amaradiyo asanzwe aha ijambo abajenosideri n’abayihakana yabahaye ijambo ngo biyamamaze. Ayo maradiyo ni BBC-Gahuzamiryango n’Ijwi rya Amerika (VOA). Abashinjwa ntawe ayo maradiyo yahaye ijambo ngo agire icyo avuga kubyo baregwa. Ibyo bikaba ari ugutatira umwuga w’itangazamakuru.

Naganiriye n’abantu benshi bagize icyo bavuga kuri iyo nyandiko, ari abavuga ko ibyo abo 28 banditse ari “icyo umurengwe ukora.”  Hari uwanyandikiye avuga ko “iyo nyandiko ikomatanyirijemo ibintu byinshi, imeze nk’umugezi usumira byinshi kugeza wisibye.”

Iyi nyandiko uyiciye hejuru, wagira ngo harimo politiki (gusa); nyamara, ahubwo koko abayanditse bagaragaje uburwayi Abatutsi batari bake barwaye mbere ya Jenoside, noneho bukaza kugera irudubi, kubera ko politiki zadutse zabahuhuye. Byabaye nko guhumira ku mirari. Umwe mubo twavuganye yarambwiye ati “ni amahirwe dukesha Imana, kuba iyi nyandiko yabo rero yarasesekaye hanze, bityo ikagaragaza akamaro k’inyandiko n’ibisubizo bya Dr. Jean Damascene na Naphtal Ahishakiye ku rwandiko rwa Diane.”

Ujya gukira indwara arayirata! Ubusharire bw’umuti w’imizi ya Jenoside ku banyarwanda bacitse ku icumu bugaragaza ko ukora neza, iyo abawanga batangiye kwivamo nk’inopfu. Gusa, ntiduseke uwabuze hirya no hino, amagambo acurikiranye araterwa n’umutima wuzuye agahinda nyine ko gutsindwa urugamba rw’ubuzima n’ubutwari.

Aba 28 ntibazi cyangwa bibagiwe ko ubusugire bw’igihugu buruta kure ingirwa-busugire y’udutsiko utu n’utu. Hari aho bigera, urwishigishiye akarusoma, noneho bigatanga isomo. Ingaruka ubwazo hari abo zizumvisha ko bagomba kuva ku giti bakareba umuntu, bakanareka kuba nk’ikirondwe cyumiye ku mwite!

Ubugoryi n’agasuzuguro

Mu gusesengura iriya nyandiko ku buryo bwimbitse ndetse nkurikije n’ibyo navuganye n’abashimye icyo navuze ku byatangajwe na bariya 28 bigize abavugizi ntawabatumye, harimo ingingo zitandukanye zikwiye kwitabwaho.

Ingingo ya mbere: Iyo nyandiko ivuga ko igenewe Nyakubahwa Paul Kagame  nka Perezida wa Repubulika y’u Rwanda. Nyamara abanditse inyandiko banayoherereje abandi bayobozi bo mu zindi nzego ziri munsi y’umukuru w’igihugu, mbere/hejuru yo kuyishyira ku karubanda.

Iyo baza kwandikira ziriya nzego hanyuma bakabimenyesha Perezida wa Republika, amahitamo nk’aya wayita ubupfura, icyubahiro, ingeso nziza cyangwa inzira nziza. Guhitamo guteza ubwega mu nzego, bigaragaza ko batanditse iyi nyandiko bakeneye igisubizo, ahubwo ari uburyo bwo gusuzugura, gusuzuguza no gusebya Perezida n’inzego zimwunganira. Mu Kinyarwanda, babyita gushyira undi ku karubanda.

Ingingo ya kabiri: Iyi nyandiko irunganira inyandiko ya Diane Shima Rwigara wingingira Perezida Kagame gukoresha ubushobozi bwe mu gufasha gukurikirana no guhagarika icyo yise impfu za hato na hato zaba ziterwa n’ubwicanyi, ahereye ku rupfu rwa Assinapol Rwigara na Jean Paul Mwiseneza, kandi izi mpfu bakazishyira ku gatwe k’inzego z’umutekano.

Aha niho uhita wumva ka gasuzuguro ku buryo bweruye. Inyandiko y’aba 28 si ikirego, ahubwo ni ukunegura, kunenga no gusenya ubuyobozi bwa Perezida wa Republika, nk’ukuriye akanahagarikira izo nzengo ziregwa izo mpfu.

Ingingo ya gatatu: Abasinye iyi baruwa bishyize hamwe nk’Abacitse ku icumu cyangwa abavugizi b’Abacitse ku icumu ba Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi. Utazi amateka wakeka ko Abacitse ku icumu ba Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi ari 28 gusa cyangwa ko Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi ifite abavugizi 28 gusa. Nta kundi wasobanura ububasha abantu 28 bafite ngo bishyire hamwe bakandika ku kintu nk’iki mu izina rimwe.

Ingingo ya kane: Iyi nyandiko iremeza ko hari amacakubiri Abacitse ku icumu barimo kubibwamo. Uko ari 28, ntibagaragaza itsinda cyangwa uruhande bashyizwemo ku ngufu cyangwa uruhande bifuza kubarirwamo.  Nta n’ubuhamya bw’Abacitse ku icumu bari ku ruhande uru n’uru, byaba hagati y’abo 28 ubwabo cyangwa se n’abandi. Urwego rugena ubucikacumu n’amahari avugwa mu bucikacumu nibyo byakemura uru rujijo.

Usoma iyo nyandiko ugakeka ko aba 28 bavugira Abacitse ku icumu bakeka ko bari mu bo Dr. Jean Damascene, Naphtal Ahishakiye na njye bavugaho inenge y’ubucika ku icumu bugoramye. Izi mpaka zakemurwa n’inyandiko ivuye ku bandi Abacitse ku icumu, nabo bakavuga impande bashyizwemo cyangwa bifuza kujyamo.

Ingingo ya gatanu: Iyi nyandiko ntabwo ari ikirego gusa, ahubwo iraburira urundi ruhande rw’ Abacitse ku icumu n’abanyarwanda. Abanditse iyi nyandiko ntibakiri abavugizi cyangwa Abacitse ku icumu gusa, ahubwo ni abajyanama b’inararibonye cyangwa abahanuzi: “Nyakubahwa Perezida, tubasabye tubikuye ku mutima kubikurikirana bigahagarikwa bidatinze kuko ingaruka zabyo zizasenya ntizubaka”.

Ingingo ya gatandatu: Iyi nyandiko irandega nk’umushakashatsi n’impuguke muri Jenoside gushyira imizi ya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi kuri bamwe mu bayikorewe, nka Musenyeri Smaragde Mbonyintege. Jye icyo nakoze ni ukwerekana isano y’amagambo ya Myr. Mbonyintege n’ay’abatoza ba Jenoside (Anastase Makuza, Hassan Ngeze, Sixbert Musangamfura, Juvenal Habyalimana, Musenyeri Thadeyo Nsengiyumva, Simon Bikindi na Leon Mugesera) nkerekana ko bo bageze ku cyo bifuzaga: kugwingiza imitekerereze ku bakoze, ku bazize n’abarokotse Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi.

Aha icyo umuntu yavuga ni uko Impuguke zose zizakubwira ko Jenoside ifite imitegurirwe n’imigirire. Uzicwa n’uzica barategurwa ku buryo bunonosoye, maze igihe cyagera buri wese agakina uruhare rwe neza neza.

Mu rwibutso rwa Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi rw’i Nyamata, hari ahantu hari amagambo y’uwacitse ku icumu nyakwigendera Ntagengwa Felesiyani: “Iyo uza kwimenya, nanjye ukamenya, ntuba waranyishe”. Ujya gukora n’ujya gukorerwa Jenoside barabanza bakavanwamo ubumuntu. Bombi baba ari imbata z’imitekerereze n’imigirire byihariye bya Jenoside. Uwica aba yumva ari ngombwa gukora Jenoside, uhigwa akumva ko nta kundi byagenda.

Mu Rwanda rwa nyuma y’ 1959, abitwa Abatutsi, guhera mu bwana kugeza mu zabukuru, bahuye n’urwango runuka n’ubugome ndengakamere. Icyakora basigaranye amahitamo atatu gusa: Guhonga, Guhunga cyangwa Guhora.

Hari uwambiye ati “Abatutsikazi barahonze karahava, babona amaramuko n’imiryango yabo ibona agahenge. Hari n’Abatutsi bahonze n’ingo zabo n’ababo, ku buryo baje kurusha ubutoni Abahutu bamwe. Abandi babonye ubuhungiro mu bihugu byinshi no mu mirimo y’ubwarimu n’ibisa nabwo.” Nibyo Joseph Habyarimana Gitera yari yarise gusyigingiza.

Muri za 90, byaragaragaraga ko amahitamo yo “Guhora” cyangwa “Kwirwanaho” ariyo yonyine yagira umumaro. Nyamara, n’inararibonye z’Abatutsi zari zarasunnye neza neza. N’igihe bisuganyije muri politiki bagombye gutara amaboko ku banyampuhwe b’Abahutu bashinga ishyaka ryapfa kubavuganira. Niko ishyaka Parti Liberal ryavutse. Iyo ngirwa-buhungiro imaze gushwanyuka, hari hasigaye iki kindi? Musenyeri Smaragde Mbonyintege yashoboraga kwandika cyangwa kwigisha tewologia yo kwibohora (Liberation theology). Abatutsi bari bakeneye agakeregeshwa ko kwirwanaho, kandi aka gakeregeshwa ntikari kuva imuhana.

Ingingo ya karindwi: Abanditse iyi nyandiko barasobanura ko icyabagize Abacitse ku icumu, ni “Jenoside yadukorewe n’icyatumye turokoka, cyaba ubutwari bw’uwo ari we wese watumye bamwe muri twe bakurwa mu nzara z’abaduhigaga, cyaba ubuntu bw’abahishe bamwe muri twe, cyaba amahirwe bamwe muri twe bagize yo kurorongotana, kwihisha cyangwa kwirwanaho ku bundi buryo kugeza Jenoside irangiye, nta kindi”.

Iyi myumvire y’aba 28 iragaragaza aho bageze mu rugendo rwo gukira Jenoside. Baracyarembye. Nta guhonga, nta guhunga, nta no guhora, byagize uwo bikiza muri 94. Bwarije, buracya. Izuba ryararashe, izuba ryararenze. Imvura yaraguye irahita. Kwirwanaho, kwihisha, kurorongotana, guhishirwa, byose byageze aho birarangira, hasigara urupfu gusa. Abatutsi bashatse umuntu wabatabara baramubura, barishaka baribura, bashaka Imana barayibura, ubundi bahebera urwaje.

Ku muntu rero wageze kure nk’uko, kandi yaratojwe neza gupfa, urumva ko atapfa kwakira agakiza. Ni urundi rugendo kubanza kwikuramo imitekerereze n’imigirire byabanjirije Jenoside nyirizina, mbere yo kugarura ubumuntu, noneho ukabona gutera intambwe ugana intsinzi.

Ntibitangaje iyo aba 28 bavuze ko babona Jenoside itahagaritswe, ahubwo Jenoside yararangiye. Si ishyano, ntawaseka uwabuze epfo na ruguru, akabura hirya no hino. No muri Gacaca, amateka meza ya Jenoside burya atangwa n’interahamwe. N’ubwo Interahamwe zitahatirwa kwemera Jenoside, ariko ubwazo ziyemerera ko zahagaritswe n’uko Inkotanyi zatsinze intambara.

Inkotanyi zatsinze intambara, noneho Jenoside irekera aho. Niba Inkotanyi zaratsinze intambara, noneho Jenoside ikarekera aho, ibyo birahagije, kuko bijyanye n’imyumvire umuntu ashoboye. Yewe n’uwaba yararokokeye mu nkambi ya Nyarushishi, yakwemera ko Abafaransa baje huti huti, kubera ko Inkotanyi zari zifite umuvuduko wotsa igitutu gikabije inshuti z’abo Bafaransa.

Igitutu, umuvuduko n’intambara by’Inkotanyi byabujije abicaga kwisanzura neza ndetse byatumye hari uwo abishi batabonera igihe gihagije. Na none, umuntu utari mu nkotanyi, icyo yakora ni ugutega amatwi ubuhamya bw’Inkotanyi. Kwemera ubwo buhamya ni imyumvire ya buri muntu. Abantu benshi bemera ko Inkotanyi zakoze uko zari zishoboye kwose. Utabyemera ni imyumvire ye mike ikiri muri MRND. Ariko ntacyo bihindura ku buhamya bw’ubivuga cyangwa ubyemera.

Muri aba 28, harimo abashatse itsinda ryihariye bahitamo ku mugaragaro gushima abakoze Jenoside. Umwe muri abo ni Tabitha Gwiza wita abajenosideri intwari. Ntabwo waba waracitse ku icumu ukanavuga ko uharanira inyungu z’Abacitse ku icumu warangiza ukavuga ko abantu bazwi ko bakoze Jenoside n’abayipfobya ari intwari. Uvuga ko gukora Jenoside, kuyihakana no kuyipfobya ari ibikorwa by’ubutwari aba atandukaniye he n’umujenosideri?

Kanda aha wumve aho Gwiza avuga ko Thereza Dusabe, wakatiwe gufungwa burundu n’Inkiko Gacaca kubera gutsemba Abatutsi mu cyahoze ari Komini Butamwa ari Intwari itagereranywa. Icyo amushimira ni ukuba yarabyaye akanarera umutoza w’ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside, Ingabire Victoire Umuhoza. Abifatanyije cyangwa abafatanyije na Gwiza ushima abakobwa n’abuzukuru ba Mbonyumutwa basabitswe na Jenoside bakwiye kumenya ko baremye igice cy’Abacitse ku icumu bashima abakoze icyaha bavuga ko barokotse ubwicanyi bwacyo. Kuba mu itsinda rimwe n’abameze nka Gwiza ni uguharanira kugira icyangiro.

Ingingo ya munani: Abanditse iyi nyandiko nibo ba mbere badukanye imvugo y’umwenda udashira Abacitse ku icumu bafitiye Inkotanyi. Aha ho harimo kwivuguruza, kuko twemeranyijwe na bo ko Jenoside yarangiye, uwagombaga gupfa wese yapfuye Inkotanyi zitarahagera. Ikindi nemeranyijwe na bo ni uko ubuhamya bw’interahamwe bwemeza ko intambara yarangiye igihe Inkotanyi zatsindaga. Ubwo rero niba aba 28 n’ababo bose barasagutse, bakisanga intambara yabasize bagihumeka, nta n’impamvu yo gukoresha ijambo Jenoside cyangwa kwiyitirira no kurwanirira Abacitse ku icumu.

Ingingo ya cyenda: Abanditse iyi nyandiko barashyigikira ko gucika ku icumu ari kamere idakurwaho, itongerwa cyangwa ngo igabanywe n’imitekerereze n’imigirire myiza cyangwa mibi.

Icyakora, rimwe na rimwe, imitekerereze y’umuntu ubwayo hari ubwo imukubita amacenga, cyangwa igatuma umuntu yivamo nk’inopfu. Ni uburenganzira bw’umuntu kwemera cyangwa guhakana icyo ashaka cyose. Ijambo umwenda, ntiryigeze rikoreshwa n’Inkotanyi, igihe zatsindaga intambara zinesheje ingabo za Leta yateguye Jenoside. N’igihe Jenoside yarangiraga Inkotanyi ntizakoresheje iryo jambo umwenda.

Mu buhamya bwazo, zivugira ko zarwanyaga akarengane kandi zikarangwa n’urukundo rw’igihugu n’abanyarwanda bene wabo. Ntawabishidikanya uretse abafite ubwenge bwayobye nk’ubwa Gwiza na Esperance Mukashema wunze ubumwe n’uwo ari we wese washimishijwe na Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi. Nta byago nko guterwa ishema no guhemuka.

Iyo Inkotanyi zigambirira “gukopa” IBITAMBO byazo abantu, ntiziba zararwanye kandi ntiziba zaratsinze. Ushobora gutandukanya intambara na Jenoside, ndetse ushobora no kwishyiramo ko warokotse intambara ahubwo utarokotse Jenoside. Ni uburenganzira bwawe. Ushobora no gusobekeranya amagambo, ukemera ko warokotse intambara gusa, ariko ugaharanira ubusugire bw’Abacitse ku icumu. Ariko se koko abo iyi nyandiko yitwa ko ivugira bakwemera ko gucika ku icumu ari ukutagira umurongo ngenderwaho mu buzima?

Ese aba 28 barashaka kwemeza ko Abacitse ku icumu bose bameze nk’ibibabi byumye cyangwa amababa mu muyaga? Baranashaka se kuvuga ngo Abacitse ku icumu barahuhutwa, barahungetwa, bameze nk’ibihuhwe, babaye ibirondwe byumiye ku mwite inka yarariwe kera? Ni ugutuka Abacitse ku icumu kubagereranya n’abantu barangwa no kutamenya icyatsi n’ururo, batazi ikibi n’icyiza. Kwemera iby’aba 28, byashoboka ku muntu warwaye igihumura cyangwa usinzirijwe n’ikinya. Iri niryo hahamuka bavuze!

Abacitse ku icumu benshi cyane, nzi ko bize isomo ryo kwambarira kuba imena, gutwaza bagana imbere, mu runana rw’imihigo. Kurokoka Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi byabasigiye ishyaka ridasanzwe ryo guhitamo guhora bakunda ibyiza, ubutabera, amahoro, urukundo n’ubupfura. Uyu ni umurage barerewemo kandi bakawituramo agaciro ku babo bishwe muri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi.

Usibye kwiyita Abacitse ku icumu rya Jenoside (n’ubwo batazi uko yarangiye), aba 28 ntibatubwiye imyirondoro yabo, usibye kuba baganje mu mahanga. Iyo batubwira ibigwi byabo ngo tumenye isoko n’ingero z’ubunararibonye bwabo mu byerekeranye n’ubusugire bw’abantu n’amahoro mu mibanire. Gusa, amagambo asa no “kwihenura ku nkotanyi” ntagaragaza inzira nziza zo gukemura imibanire mibi. Ntibyatangaza abantu nk’aba basuzuguye n’ibitambo by’abacu bazize Jenoside. Imvugo ivogera abandi nka Perezida w’u Rwanda, inzego z’igihugu n’abanyamuryango ba FPR, ntabwo ariyo yarengera cyangwa ngo yigishe agaciro n’umutekano w’abanyarwanda.

Abazwi cyane muri aba ni nka Masozera Etienne. Uyu yahoze muri MRND, bukeye ajya muri FPR, noneho ava muri FPR ajya muri ARENA, avuye muri ARENA ajya muri AMAHORO People’s Congress (APC). Urugendo rwe rwa politiki ameze nk’ufite ikimwirukansa amasigamana. Abamuzi neza ariko bahereye ku bwoba bwamuciye ku bantu abakeka kuba abambari ba FPR bakeka ko afite ikintu kimwirukamo; ameze nk’umuntu wirega igihemu cyangwa ubugambanyi runaka. Umuhemu n’umugambanyi niwe utagira aho ajisha igisabo, ku buryo no kwikora mu nda atabitinya.

Harimo na Jovin Bayingana. Jovin azwi mu banyarwanda baba muri Leta ya Maine. Ni uwacitse ku icumu wihebeye umutwe w’iterabwoba wa RNC cyane birazwi. Hari uwambwiye ko utamwegera utari muri RNC.

Ntawabavuga ngo abarangize. Nka Innocent Sendashonga, abanyarwanda batuye muri Boston basanzwe bamuziho kuba indondogozi. Sendashonga ngo ahora arata ko akiri mu Rwanda, yakoze muri Bralirwa akomeye cyane. Ariko na none akagutakira ko yababajwe no kuba umucikacumu wiswe Interahamwe kubera kuba muramu wa Robert Kajuga. Muri iyi minsi, Innocent afite akabyiniriro ka Leah Karegeya (umugore wa Patrick Karegeya). Muw’1994 Jenoside y’Abatutsi ikorwa, uyu Sendashonga yabaga i Kinshasa.

Undi utazwi cyane ni Richard Niwenshuti. Mu muryango w’Abacitse ku icumu muri Boston, ntabwo Richard bamuzi neza nk’umwe muri bo. Richard yaje kumenyekana aho madamu Karegeya na RNC badukiye muri Boston. Kwa Karegeya, uyu musore ngo ni umwana mu bandi.

Ntibazaduheho

Abanditse iyi nyandiko bageze irudubi. Ubundi ingaruka nk’izi zo mu mutwe no ku mutima zajyaga kubaho kuri benshi iyo Jenoside irangira kandi Interahamwe zigatsinda intambara. Ariko ubwo hari abo izo ngaruka zanze zigafata, ni ukubihagurukira hakiri kare, bitaba icyorezo. Kwirinda kwa mbere ni ukuvuga ngo “Ntumpeho”, aka ya ndirimbo ya Rugamba. Uburwayi nk’ubu burangwa no kwihakana icyo uri icyo, ugasigara ucuramye mu bitekerezo ni bubi cyane.

Abita abandi ingwate za RPF barabiterwa n’uko bo ubwabo ari imbata z’imizi ya Jenoside. Intambara yo kwibohora igira ibice bitandukanye. Igice cy’ingorabahizi ni icyo “kugangahura”. Uwo muti urasharira kurusha indi yose Abanyarwanda twanyoye.

Tubisubiremo, ujya gukira indwara arayirata. Ubwo Interahamwe zibikuye ku mutima zaje gusaba imbabazi no kuruka uburozi bwa Jenoside, ndetse n’abonse umwanda wa Hutu power bakaba basigaye bawusezerera ku karubanda, wasanga n’Abacitse ku icumu nk’aba nabo batahiwe kwigobotora imizi ya Jenoside yabashamitswemo maze bakareka guhingira ku rwiri. Igihuru tureke kugica amazuru. Si Abacitse ku icumu bazaba icwende ry’uburozi bagaburiwe n’abahekuye u Rwanda.

Imikurire n’imiterere y’imitekerereze, imyumvire n’imigirire by’Abanyarwanda biri mu byiciro bitandukanye. Igihugu kimeze nk’umuryango mugari ugizwe n’ingeri zose. Aho twavuye hatweretse ko hari umurongo ntarengwa. Ibitekerezo bibi biragawa bikamaganwa.

Na: Ndahiro Tom

Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (ICTR/TPIR) ubu ruri mu gisa n’inzibacyuho. Ni urukiko rwakoze akazi keza ariko runasiga umurage mubi. Nta muntu urwanya Jenoside n’ingengabitekerezo yayo uzibagirwa Umucamanza Theodor Meron waharaniye kworohereza no kurekura abajenosideri ruharwa nka Koloneri Theoneste Bagosora, Dr. Ferdinand Nahimana na Koloneri Aloys Simba n’abandi.

Uwo ari we wese wakurikiye neza imikorere ya ruriya rukiko, abona ikirari cy’uburyo abajenosideri barukoresheje nk’umuyoboro wo gukwiza ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside. Hari inyandiko zirimo ubuhamya bugaragaza uburyo umunyamategeko w’Umubiligi Maître Luc De TIMMERMAN, yari yarateguye ko ICTR/TPIR ruzakoreshwa nk’urubuga rutari urwo kurengera abashinjwa ahubwo rukaba urubuga rwo guhesha agaciro ingengabitekerezo ya “Hutu-Pawa”.

Guhera mu mwaka w’1997 kugeza ku wa 20 Kamena 2006, buri rubanza rwagombaga kwemeza ko Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi yabaye cyangwa itabaye. Ibyavugirwaga mu rukiko bahakana Jenoside byanandikwaga mu bitangazamakuru abantu bakabisoma. Nta gushidikanya ko hari abasigaranaga ikinyoma ko Jenoside itigeze iba, cyangwa ko n’abayiteteguye atari bo ahubwo yateguwe n’abayihagaritse.

Buhoro buhoro uko guhakana Jenoside byagiye bicengera mu bantu cyane cyane abunganira abaregwa. Bigera n’aho usanga Umunyamerika cyangwa Umunyakanada ahinduye imitekerereze ikaba nk’iy’abajenosideri aburanira. Urugero ni John Philpot, Christopher Black, Peter Erlinder n’abandi bagwingijwe n’ingengabitekerezo mbi bakuze baranize.

Abajenosideri mu rukiko rwabo

Kwandura kw’abanyamahanga mu myumvire n’imitekerereze bagahinduka nk’abateguye umugambi wa Jenoside bakanawushyira mu bikorwa, ni uko bakoranye nabo cyane. ICTR yakoresheje abantu bari hafi cyane y’abateguye bakanakora Jenoside.

Gucengera ICTR, ni umugambi wacuzwe n’ingabo z’u Rwanda zatsinzwe (ex-FAR) bashinze n’agatsiko k’abajenosideri bise “Ihuriro ryo Gucyura Impunzi na Demokarasi mu Rwanda (RDR).  Iri niryo huriro Ingabire Victoire Umuhoza yayoboye kuva muw’2000 kugeza ubu.

Ibyo byanatumye bamwe mu bayobozi ba RDR nka Aloys Ngendahimana wari umwe muri ba Visi-Perezida babiri ba RDR bashatse ndetse bakabona akazi muri ICTR. Uyu Ngendahimana yari Umuyobozi mukuru muri Minisiteri y’Ubutegetsi bw’Igihugu n’Amajyambere ya Komini mbere ya Jenoside, baza kumugira Umunyamabanga Mukuru wayo Jenoside itangiye.

Major Pierre-Claver Karangwa, yari mu ikipe y’abashinjura Augustin Ndindiliyimana wari umukuru wa Jandarumori y’igihugu. Uyu Major Karangwa niwe wari ukuriye Ubutasi/Iperereza muri Jandarumori ku rwego rw’Igihugu (G2). Maj. Karangwa ashinjwa kugira uruhare muri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu cyahoze ari Komini Mugina.

Undi mu bakoreye urwo rukiko ari umwicanyi ni Siméon Nshamihigo wari wariyise Bahati Weza, akanakora muri urwo rukiko yitwa Umunyekongo wo muri Kivu y’Amajyepfo.  Nshamihigo yari mu ikipe yunganira Liyetona Samuel Imanishimwe wari Umuyobozi w’Ingabo mu cyari Perefegitura ya Cyangugu. Uyu Nshamihigo yaje gufatirwa Arusha aburanishwa na ICTR, akatirwa gufungwa burundu ku wa 24 Nzeri 2008 by the ICTR.

Joseph Nzabirinda alias Biroto, nawe yakoze muri ICTR ari mu ikipe ishinjura Sylvain Nsabimana wagizwe perefe wa Butare. Mbere no mu gihe cya Jenoside Nzabirinda yari umuyobozi muri Komini Ngoma ashinzwe urubyiruko n’amashyirahamwe. Uyu Nzabirinda yaje gufatwa n’urwo rukiko kubera ibyaha yaregwaga iwabo birimo gufata ku ngufu, nk’umuntu wayoboye ibitero i Sahera aho bita ku Kabakobwa mu karere k’ubu  ka Huye.

Major Epiphane Hanyurwimana, yari Umujyanama muby’amategeko muri Ministeri y’Ingabo mbere ya Jenoside. Hanyurwimana niwe wanditse inyandiko mvugo y’Inama yo kuwa 7 Mata 1994, yayobowe na Col. Bagosora irimo abasirikare bakuru nyuma y’urupfu rwa Perezida Juvenal Habyarimana. Nyuma yaje kuba umuvugizi w’Ingabo Jenoside itangiye. Uyu nawe yabonye akazi muri ICTR. Major Hanyurwimana muzi Arusha mu mishyikirano y’amahoro 1993, akiri Kapiteni.

Abandi bakoze muri urwo rukiko ni Thadée Kwitonda na Damas Birekeraho. Bombi bari mu ikipe y’abashinjura Pauline Nyiramasuhuko wabaye Minisitiri w’Umuryango mbere no mu gihe cya Jenoside. Nyiramasuhuko yaburanishijwe mu rubanza n’umuhungu we Shalom Ntahobari. Bombi bahamwe n’ibyaha.

Kwitonda na Birekeraho ni abakwe ba Nyiramasuhuko na Maurice Ntahobari. Iyo ikaba ari Jenoside yacengeye mu muryango. Ni akazu kari muri ICTR gashijura Jenoside. Bari mu rukiko bashinjura nyirabukwe na muramu wabo.

Bivugwa ko Kwitonda yari Impuzamugambi y’ishyaka CDR. Musanzire we Birekeraho akaba umwarimu muri Kaminuza Nkuru y’u Rwanda, ndetse akaba anashinjwa ubwicanyi mu gace yakoreyemo aho ashinjwa kwica Abatutsi mu gihe Jenoside.

N’ubwo abahakoze ari benshi, reka nsoreze kuri Innocent Biruka wari mu ikipe y’abashinjura Joseph Kanyabashi wari burugumestri wa Komine Ngoma ya Perefegitura ya Butare.

Urubanza yatsindiwe Arusha yararukomeje

Umujenosideri arakwibwira utamuzi. Hashize amezi nk’abiri cyangwa atatu mbona ibinkeburira inyandiko (alerts) za Dr. Innocent Biruka, zisohoka buri munsi ku mbuga nkoranyambaga. Hari igihe numvaga ari izina ry’irihimbano kubera ko numvaga nta muntu washyira izina rye bwite ku nyandiko nk’iza Biruka.

Igihe cyose ziba zuzuye urwango kuri leta y’u Rwanda na Perezida Paul Kagame by’umwihariko. Si urwo rwango gusa uwo Dr. Biruka avundereza, ariko ahanini ziba zishyigikira abajenosideri n’inshuti zabo mu rugamba rwo guhakana, gupfobya Jenoside no gushimagiza abayikoze. Biruka ari mu barize ayo kwarika nyuma y’urupfu rwa Pierre Pean mu mpera za Nyakanga 2019. Birumvikana, ntiyari kureka kuririra uwo mufaransa wapfanye urwango ku Batutsi n’urukundo ku bajenosideri. Urupfu rwa Pean rwasize rwibukije cyangwa rugaragaje amazina ya benshi bashyigikiye Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi.

Nari naririnze kugira icyo mvuga kubyo Biruka yandika. Ibyo yanditse byuzuye ibinyoma n’urwango ku wa 29 n’uwa 30 Nyakanga 2019 byatumye kwifata bihagarara. Ibyo nshaka kuzivugaho si ukumusubiza kuko adashobora kumva. Nawe ubwenge bwe bwaguye ikinya cyangwa bwarashanyaraye (psychological numbing) kimwe n’abandi bose bacengewe n’ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside nka Ingabire Victoire Umuhoza.  Bike nzivugaho ni ukwereka urubyiruko ko rudakwiye kunywa uburozi babwita umutobe. Bisa nkaho urubanza yatsindiwe Arusha yarukomereje ku mbuga nkoranyambaga.

Ni muntu ki? Dr. Innocent Biruka avuka ku Nkubi mu cyahoze ari Komini Ngoma, muri Perefegitura ya Butare. Azwi kuba yari inshuti y’inkoramutima ya Jean Kambanda wabaye Minisitiri w’intebe w’abajenosideri. Uretse ubucuti, mbere ya Jenoside, Biruka na Kambanda barakoranaga muri Banki y’Abaturage (Bank Populaire). Bombi bari abayobozi ariko Biruka ari we Ushinzwe Abakozi.

Iyo uzi ubwicanyi bwakorewe Abatutsi ku Nkubi na Sahera, ukabona amagambo Biruka avuga, nta gushidikanya ko abo yahuye nabo babaye amahoro. Yagiye mu ikipe yo gushinjura umwicanyi Kanyabashi nk’umuntu baziranyeho byinshi.

Inyandiko za Biruka zisa n’ubumara cyangwa ubuvunderi. Ubwo bumara, igihe cyose bubimburirwa n’interuro ya “Nimuhorane Imana!” Ubu bukaba ari uburyo abajenosideri bakoresha kugira ngo abantu babayoboke babibeshyaho ko ari abantu beza.

Uko gukoresha ijambo ry’Imana mu rwango, ni ibisigisigi by’aho yize. Mbere yo kujya kwiga amategeko i Mburabuturo, Biruka yize imyaka itandatu mu i Seminari ya Karubanda guhera mu 1979-85.

Inyandiko ye yo ku itariki ya 29 Nyakanga, Biruka agira ati: Kagame niwe wahanuye indege ya Habyarimana kuli 06/04/1994. Byonyine, kubona hashize imyaka irenga 20 ashinjwa gusa n’abo batangiranye urugamba ni ikimenyetso kiremereye. Koko rero, nta muntu n’umwe wari ku ruhande rwa Habyarimana wigeze asaba gushinja Kagame ihanurwa ry’indege! Kuri iki kibazo, hari inkotanyi y’ikubitiro tujya tuganira buri gihe akambwira akomeje ngo: “Ntimukarenganye Kagame ko yahanuye indege, iyo atica Habyarimana ngo hakurikireho iriya nyanja y’amaraso ntabwo intambara yari kurangira vuba nta n’ubwo Kagame yari kuzayitsinda bibaho… Abatutsi b’imbere bo rwose ubuzima bwabo ntibwaturebaga, twabafataga nk’interahamwe zisanzwe.”

Agakomeza agira ati: “Bakundarwanda, bavandimwe, Kagame niwe watanze Abatutsi muli 1994.  Yafashe icyemezo cyo guhanura indege yarimo abaperezida babiri, uw’u Rwanda n’uw’Uburundi, agambiriye inyungu ze bwite: intsinzi ya gisilikare yamuhaye insinzi ya politike, iyi nayo imwuzuriza ibigega kuko Jenoside yayigize igicuruzwa kidahomba.”

Icyo kinyoma n’urwango yagikomeje ku wa 30 Nyakanga: “Igikorwa cyo guhotora Perezida Habyarimana nticyateguwe na Kagame wenyine. Yagiriwe inama na bamwe mu bayobozi b’ikirenga bo mu karere n’ab’ibihugu by’ibihangange, kandi habaye amanama atandukanye yo kunoza umugambi no guteganya ikizakurikira no gukora igenamigambi ry’ukuntu ibintu bizakurikirana. Ntabwo hano nzinduwe no gutunga agatoki abategetsi n’ibihugu, ibyo bizagira igihe cyabyo n’inzego bizasuzumirwamo. Gusa byumvikane neza ko Perezida Habyarimana yishwe bizwi neza ko azakurikizwa imbaga ngari y’Abanyarwanda, mbere na mbere Abatutsi b’imbere mu Rwanda.”

Muri ibi yanditse, ibyinshi nta gishya kirimo, nta n’ubwo ari ibitekerezo yihariye. Ibyo kuvuga ko Habyarimana yishwe n’Inkotanyi; ko Jenoside yatewe na FPR n’umugaba w’ingabo z’iz’Amarere; ko Jenoside yari ngombwa kandi yumvikana; ko Abatutsi bari barahunze batari bitaye ku bari barasigaye mu Rwanda ndetse bakabafata nk’abanzi n’ibindi n’ibindi…ni ibitekerezo by’abakoze Jenoside n’ababashyigikiye bimaze imyaka.

Ni ibitekerezo byatangiye mbere ya Jenoside mu gihe cyo kuyitegura. Byanditswe mu binyamakuru bivugwa kuri radiyo Rwanda na RTLM. Byandikwa mu binyamakuru bitandukanye byashishikarije abanyarwanda bamwe gutsemba abandi ndetse bikoreshwa mu gihe na nyuma ya Jenoside.

Kuba mbigarutseho ni uko bimaze kujya no mu bantu bacitse ku icumu, bakabyamamaza wumva babigize ibyabo. Mperutse gutanga urugero rwa Tabitha Gwiza ashimagiza abakoze Jenoside n’abayihakana ko ari Intwari, ariko akamagana Inkotanyi zayihagaritse. Uwo Gwiza ariko, akaba ari mu bantu 28 banditse ibaruwa bayandikira Perezida Kagame biyita abavugizi b’abacitse ku icumu.

Si Tabitha wenyine gusa ufite imitekerereze nk’iyi yacuramye bigakabya. Mperutse kumva ibiganiro birimo Joseph Matata, Pascal Manirakiza, François Mutuyemungu, Espérance Mukashema, Josee Bayingana na James Munyandinda.

Ni ikiganiro kikwereka ishusho y’aho propaganda ihindura umuntu icyo udashobora kubonera izina. Muri abo, ubayobora yacitse ku icumu rya Jenoside. Ndetse muri abo hari n’uwabaye Inkotanyi nka James Munyandinda. Ibyo Dr. Biruka avuga ko yabwiwe n’Inkotanyi yabihimba cyangwa yanabibwirwa koko kuko ibyavugiwe muri icyo kiganiro bisa.

Muri icyo kiganiro nkomojeho hakoreshwa imvugo yo mu myaka y’1990-2 ko Inkotanyi ari “amabandi” bakaba “ingengera”, “amashitani”, “gatanya” n’ibindi. Icyo kiganiro cyabo, kiri mu jyana ya Gwiza, kuko gihamya ko abazanye ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside mu Rwanda nka Gregoire Kayibanda na Anastase Makuza ari Intwari. Bakanashimangira ko na revolisiyo y’1959 idakwiye guteshwa agaciro n’ubwo ari yo nyirabayazana ya Jenoside mu Rwanda.

Muri icyo kiganiro basubiramo bimwe mubyo babandi 28 (banabita intwari) banditse ko ngo Inkotanyi zicamo ibice abacitse ku icumu n’ubwo batavuga uko byakozwe n’ibyo bice ibyo ari byo. Abarimo Munyandinda na Mukashema bemeza ko Inkotanyi ari mbi kurusha Interahamwe. Kuba abanyarwanda benshi n’isi bazi ko Inkotanyi zavanye u Rwanda habi, n’aheza zirugejeje ntibabizi

Bombi basubiramo ibyo Joseph Matata, kimwe n’abajenosideri batangiye kuvuga mu 1994 ko Inkotanyi zicuruza Jenoside. Nta n’isoni, bavuga ko Habyarimana yaharaniraga ubumwe kurusha Inkotanyi zishinjwa kubiba inzangano mu Rwanda. Abahagaritse Jenoside barahinduka bakitwa abajenosideri “ruharwa” cyane ko abavuga ibyo bemeza ko Inkotanyi ari zo zashumurije Interahamwe n’abandi bicanyi gutsemba Abatutsi.

Mubyo abo bantu nakwita n’abashinyaguzi, banavuze bahakana ko ari Abatutsi, by’umwihariko Abatutsi kazi batari bamerewe nabi mu butegetsi bwa Kayibanda na Habyarimana. Keretse uwari muto nta muntu ukuze wabihakana.

Nabajije umwe mu bacitse ku icumu rya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi uba i Burayi icyo atekereza ku kiganiro kirimo ba Mukashema, Manirakiza, Munyandinda n’abandi. Nabimubajije nk’umuntu tuziranye kandi akaba aziranye na benshi cyangwa bose muri ba bandi 28 bigize abavugizi bacu.

Igisubizo cye cyari: “Vidéos nk’iyi n’izindi nkayo ni imigirire y’abari kurugamba rwo kurwanya ingoma (régime cg mandat politique) et in fine bararwanya Umulyango wa politiki uyoboye uRwanda ariwo RPF Inkotanyi. Mubyo barimo byo kurwanya FPR baranakora (muri iyi video n’ahandi) revisionnisme y’irimburabatutsi bahimbahimbira FPR ibyaha muri iyi genocide. Ku bwange ndasanga les Think Tank za FPR ziri (sont) les mieux indiqués et ou les avant gardistes pour trouver les voix et moyens de ce combat kuko ni FPR ivugwa, niyo irwanywa, niyo babeshyera ibibi bitabayeho.” Nubahirije uko nabyakiriye.

Ibi ni ikimenyetso cy’uko ingengabitekerezo yinjiye cyangwa izacengera muri bamwe muri ba nyiramukubitwa (victims) byitwa ko ari uburyo bwo gukora politiki yo kurwanya leta. Bikanerekana ko hari abantu batumva uburemere bw’ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside. Iyo uyumva, uyirwanya uko ije, igihe ivugiwe n’uyifite, kandi igihe cyose. Ubu hari abacitse ku icumu cyane abo muri P5 banga kwibuka no kwibutsa uburyo Abatutsi bagiriwe nabi, kugirango batababaza abajenosideri bafatanyije.

Uwanshubije yemera ko hari sekibi yacengeye, ariko kuri we ni politiki atakwinjiramo kuko atari inshingano ye. Iryo gwingira ry’imyumvire, intambara yo kurirwanya ni uguhozaho. Kurwanya Jenoside si ukurengera cyangwa kuvugira FPR, ni ukuyirinda umunyarwanda wese n’inyokomuntu muri rusange. By’umwihariko uwo yakoze mu nda n’uwo yasize ariho atari ho.

Biracyaza…

Twitter: @TomNdahiro

Na: Ndahiro Tom

Uko imyaka igenda yicuma, niko abagize uruhare muri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi, abarebereye, abahakana n’abapfobya icyo cyaha barushaho gukaza umurego wo kuyobya abato, ndetse n’abakuru batazi uko byagenze.

Ubuheruka nakomoje ku byo uwitwa Dr. Innocent Biruka yanditse ku itariki ya 29 na 30 Nyakanga 2019. Ikibazo cy’ihanurwa ry’indege ya Perezida Juvenal Habyarimana, akanahamya ko aribyo byateye Jenoside, nicyo yibanzeho muri iyo minsi ibiri. Nagize icyo mvuga kuri bimwe  nsiga ingingo ebyiri yavuze. Ibyo nasize ni ukubera imiterere yabyo ari byo ngarukaho.

Icya mbere ni ikinyoma cy’aho uwo Dr. Biruka avuga ati: “kubona hashize imyaka irenga 20 (Umugaba w’ingabo z’Inkotanyi zahagaritse Jenoside) ashinjwa gusa n’abo batangiranye urugamba ni ikimenyetso kiremereye.” Akongeraho ngo: “Koko rero, nta muntu n’umwe wari ku ruhande rwa Habyarimana wigeze asaba gushinja Kagame ihanurwa ry’indege!”

Icya kabiri, ni aho avuga ngo “Igikorwa cyo guhotora Perezida Habyarimana nticyateguwe na Kagame wenyine. Yagiriwe inama na bamwe mu bayobozi b’ikirenga bo mu karere n’ab’ibihugu by’ibihangange, kandi habaye amanama atandukanye yo kunoza umugambi no guteganya ikizakurikira no gukora igenamigambi ry’ukuntu ibintu bizakurikirana.”

Mu rwego rwo kujijisha akongeraho ngo: “Ntabwo hano nzinduwe no gutunga agatoki abategetsi n’ibihugu, ibyo bizagira igihe cyabyo n’inzego bizasuzumirwamo. Gusa byumvikane neza ko Perezida Habyarimana yishwe bizwi neza ko azakurikizwa imbaga ngari y’Abanyarwanda, mbere na mbere Abatutsi b’imbere mu Rwanda.”

Ibyo kuvuga ko byanze bikunze urupfu rwa Habyarimana rwagombaga gukurikirwa na Jenoside y’Abatutsi si bishya. Ni ibitekerezo biba mu mitwe y’abateguye bagakora Jenoside. N’iyo yaba atarishe, aba yarashishikarije gukora icyo cyaha kandi akishimira ko gikozwe.

By’umwihariko, urebye ibyo Biruka yandika, ubugome burimo, uburyo asobanura ko Jenoside yari ngombwa, nta gitangaza abaye yarishe Abatutsi akabikora yishimye. Kuba yaragiye mu ikipe ishinjura umwicanyi nka Joseph Kanyabashi, uretse igihembo yakoreraga atanagikwiye, yanabikoranaga umurava utewe n’akababaro ko kuba uwishe Abatutsi abiryozwa.

Iyo umuntu wagwingiye mu mitekerereze n’imyumvire, ibyago bikaba ari umuntu wize, agwingiza benshi bamwizera, kubera amashuri yanyuzemo, bibaza ko ibyo avuga birimo ubwenge n’ubushishozi. Iyo abasoma cyangwa abumva batagize ikibafasha kumenya ukuri, na bo imyumvire n’imitekerereze byabo biragwingira kurushaho.

Kuvuga ko Inkotanyi nkuru Perezida Paul Kagame adashinjwa n’abo mu butegetsi bwa Habyarimana n’abateguye bagashyira mu bikorwa Jenoside, ni ikinyoma cyambaye ubusa cy’indindagizabaswa. N’ibyo kuvuga ko hari akagambane k’ibihugu by’amahanga, nabyo si bishya birakuze uretse ko bizwi na ba nyirabyo n’ababikurikirana.

Ikibazo abameze nka Biruka bagira, ni uko bahora batekereza ko nta muntu wibuka ibyabaye cyangwa ibyakozwe n’abajenosideri n’ababashyigikiye. Kuri bo, urwango n’ibinyoma byabo bibibagiza ko hari amateka akurikiranwa ngo hato atazibagirana. Biruka ibyo yashatse kugira ibanga reka bivugwe.

Urupfu rwa Habyarimana n’uwamwishe

Nyuma y’aho abacamanza b’Abafaransa batangarije ko gushinja Inkotanyi urupfu rwa Habyarimana nta gaciro bifite dosiye ishyinguwe, nari nzi ko byarangiye. Iperereza bikoreye, ndetse rigahuza na Komisiyo Mutsinzi, ni uko uwarashe Indege itwaye Habyarimana yari mu kigo cya gisirikare cya Kanombe.

Jean Luc Habyarimana ni umwana wa karindwi mu bana umunani ba Juvenal Habyarimana na Agathe Kanziga. Ku itariki ya 6 Mata 2019, nyuma y’imyaka 25 Habyarimana yishwe, umwana we yagize icyo abivugaho mu kiganiro yagiranye na Serge Ndayizeye wa Radio ikorera kuri murandasi y’Umutwe w’iterabwoba wa RNC uyoborwa na Kayumba Nyamwasa. Yayivugiyeho byinshi tuzagarukaho ikindi gihe kuko wumva ari umuntu wanyoye agahaga ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside n’iyo gupfobya Jenoside.

Ubu ndibanda kubyo yavuze ku iraswa ry’indege ya se abibwira Serge Ndayizeye, nawe wasabitswe n’ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside. Jean Luc yavuze ibyabaye iminsi itatu mbere y’uko iyo ndege iraswa. Uyu muhungu wa Habyarimana akavuga ko amafoto y’abaguye muri iyo ndege ari we bwite wayafashe.

Mu Kinyarwanda cyiza, Jean Luc Habyarimana yavuze ko nyuma yo guhanurwa kw’indege, hari abantu bari i Ndera batangiye kurasa mu rugo rwabo. Ibyo byatumye ababarinda babategeka kuzimya amatara yo hanze no mu nzu ku buryo n’imirambo bayishakishaga amasitimu n’udutara duto. Jean Luc akavuga ko abaharasaga bagomba kuba ari Inkotanyi. Uko Inkotanyi zavuye ku Kimihurura zari zicumbikiwe zikagera aho i Ndera ntacyo yabivuzeho.

Mubyo uyu muhungu wa Habyarimana yavuze nifuza kugarukaho, ni ibyo yemeza ko byabereye mu rugo rwa Habyarimana mu Gasiza ku itariki ya 3 Mata 1994. Wari umunsi wa Pasika. Jean Luc Habyarimana yabwiye iyo radiyo ya RNC ko kuri iyo tariki basuwe n’umushyitsi witwa Jacques Roger Booh Booh wari Intumwa yihariye y’Umunyamabanga Mukuru w’Umuryango w’Abibumbye (LONI).

Jean Luc avuga ko ku giti cye yiyumviye Booh Booh abwira se ko yabonanye na Paul Kagame akamumutumaho ngo “uzabwire Habyarimana ko nzamwica”. Iyo ngirwa buhamya, “umunyamakuru” wa RNC yavuze ko bwari bwo bwa mbere mbwumvikanye mu myaka 25.

Iby’ubwo butumwa bwitirirwa Booh Booh bwanditswe bwa mbere mu kinyamakuru mpuzamahanga, bumaze imyaka irenga 25 buvuzwe n’umugore wa Juvenal Habyarimana, Agatha Kanziga akaba na nyina wa Jean Luc.

Iby’ubwo butumwa bwa Booh Booh kuri Habyarimana byibutswa na Jean Kambanda wabaye Minisitiri w’intebe wa guverinoma yashyize umugambi wa Jenoside mu bikorwa, mu mushinga w’igitabo cye yafatanywe cyitwa “Qui Est Genocide?” Ubwo butumwa bwagejejwe kuri Habyarimana nkaho ari kado ya Pasika, bwanditswe bwa mbere mu kinyamakuru Jeune Afrique (N^o 1738-1739 du 28 Avril au 15 mai 1994). Kanziga yabwiye icyo kinyamakuru ko icyiswe ubutumwa bwa Kagame kuri Habyarimana, Booh booh yabumusubiriyemo inshuro eshatu.

Uwo mushinga w’igitabo cya Kambanda warangiye ku itariki 29 Gicurasi 1997 mbere gato yo gufatirwa i Nairobi muri Kenya.

Uruhererekane rw’igwingira

Mbere y’uko bishyirwa mu gitabo cya Kambanda, ibya Booh Booh na Habyarimana biva mu kanwa k’umugore we n’umwana we, byanditswe mu nyandiko yakozwe n’ubuyobozi bw’Ingabo zatsinzwe ex-FAR mu Ukuboza 1995 bari mu cyahoze ari Zaire. Ni inyandiko bise “Contribution des FAR à la recherche de la vérité sur le drame rwandais – La guerre d’Octobre 1990 et la catastrophe d’Avril 1994” bishatse kuvuga ko ari inkunga yabo mu kugaragaza ukuri ku byabaye mu Rwanda.

Uretse iyo nyandiko ya ex-FAR, byananditswe mu nyandiko ya FDLR yitwa “Drame Rwandais” yo ku itariki ya 17 Mata 2001. Icyo kinyoma cyanakwijwe n’umujenosideri Koloneri Aloys Ntiwiragabo mu nyandiko ye yise “Rwanda- Attentat du 6 avril 1994 – A quand la Clôture de l’Enquête.” Yasohotse ku itariki ya 15 Nyakanga 2016.

Iyo umuntu avuze igwingira ry’imyumvire n’imitekerereze, ntiwasiga Agatha Kanziga n’umuhungu we bahimbye ikinyoma cyerekana ko kwicwa kwa Habyarimana byari akagambane ko mu nzu ye. Icyo kinyoma cyitiriwe Booh Booh cyerekana ubujenosideri bwa Innocent Biruka. Uyu Biruka kubeshya abantu, aba afite icyo ahisha. Ni ukwishimira itsembwa ry’Abatutsi abishakira impamvu bituma byemerwa nk’ibintu byumvikana.

Si umugaba w’ingabo z’Inkotanyi babeshyeye gusa, hari n’abandi. Inyandiko ya Aloys Ntiwiragabo yemeza ko yamenye iby’umugambi wo kwica Perezida Habyarimana ku itariki ya 9 Werurwe 1994. Mu nyandiko ya Ntiwiragabo, avuga ko kuri iyo tariki, i Ngondore (aho i Ngondore hari umupaka w’Inkotanyi na Leta y’u Rwanda), mu nama yari yateguwe n’ingabo za Loni MINUAR, abasirikare b’Inkotanyi Koloneri Stanislas Biseruka na Liyetona Koloneri Cesar Kayizari (ubu ni Liyetona Jenerali) bamwihereranye bakamubwira ko Inkotanyi zigomba kuzica Perezida Habyarimana.

Ibyanditswe na Ntiwiragabo, icyo gihe wari ukuriye Ubutasi bwa Gisirikare mu butegetsi bwa Habyarimana byari byaranditwe mu nyandiko nakomojeho. Ari iya ex-FAR yo mu 1995 n’iya FDLR yo mu 2001. Ibyo byose ni ibintu bizwi kuko biri mu nyandiko zagiye ahagaragara harimo n’Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (ICTR/TPIR) uyu Biruka yakoreye atabikwiye.

Kugira ngo wemere ko umuntu atuma ku mutegetsi w’igihugu ngo urarye uri menge nzakwica vuba aha, ugomba kuba uri ikigoryi gikabije cyangwa uri mu bwenge bwagwingijwe n’ingengabiterezo ya Jenoside nk’ubwa Agatha Kanziga n’umuhungu we, Innocent Biruka n’ababyanditse navuze.

Ntabwo byumvikana uburyo umukuru w’ubutasi bw’igisirikare cy’igihugu, yaburirwa n’abagize ubuyobozi bukuru bw’ingabo muhanganye ko bazica Umugaba w’ikirenga w’Ingabo z’igihugu ukaruca ukarumira. Mu Rwanda hari n’Ingabo za LONI ziri hagati ya FAR n’Inkotanyi.

Mu nyandiko navuze ntaho Aloys Ntiwiragabo avuga ko yatanze raporo kuri MINUAR ngo hafatwe ingamba zihariye zo kurinda Perezida. Harimo no kubisakuza kuri RTLM yabo, no kubibwira amahanga ngo abimenye. Ni ingaruka z’icyaha kigwingiza imyumvire n’imitekerereze.

Nibutse ko mu gitondo cyo ku itariki ya 3 Mata 1994, ari bwo radio rutwitsi ya RTLM yatangaje ko mu Rwanda hari hagiye kuba akantu mu minsi ya vuba harimo itariki ya 6 Mata, ariko ngo nyuma yaho hakazatemba amaraso. Icyo bitaga akantu ni iyo ndege bahanuye.

Mu Ukuboza 1993, ikinyamakuru Kangura N^o 53 cyatangijwe ndetse kigahabwa amafaranga n’abajenosideri barimo Urwego rw’ubutasi bwa FAR cyanditse ubuhanuzi ko Perezida “Habyarimana azapfa muri Werurwe” akicwa “n’Umuhutu waguriwe n’Umututsi.” Icyo kinyamakuru kikaba kitarahishe umugambi wo gutsemba Abatutsi kimwe n’ibindi byakibanjirije, byunganira imbwirwaruhame z’abanyapolitiki ba MRND-CDR na Pawa.

Ibyo Biruka acamo amarenga ko hari abanyamahanga bafatanyije n’Inkotanyi kwica Habyarimana nabyo byanditswe guhera mu w’1995 mu nyandiko ya ex-FAR. Abashinjwa ako kagambane ni igihugu cy’Ububiligi, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, Perezida Yoweri Museveni wa Uganda, Perezida Mwinyi wa Tanzania, Ingabo za MINUAR na Perezida Buyoya w’u Burundi. Nibyo nzakomerezaho.

Biracyaza…

Na: Ndahiro Tom

Igihe cyose utekereje aho u Rwanda rwavuye n’aho rugeze kuva Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi ihagaritswe, n’Inkotanyi ikibazo cy’uruhare rw’Abanyarwanda bize gikwiye kugarukwaho.

Nyuma yo gusoma inyandiko nagaragazagamo igwingira ry’uwitwa Dr. Innocent Biruka, hari uwambajije ati “Ni nde waroze bamwe mu banyarwanda bize, aho kuba igisubizo cy’umuryango nyarwanda bagahinduka ikibazo?”

Yatangiye ampa ingero ahereye mu mwaka w’1957 agira ati: “abanyarwanda bitwa ko bari barize icyo gihe kurusha abandi nibo bahimbye banatangaza icyiswe ‘Manifeste de Bahutu.” Iyi nyandiko ikaba ari yo yabaye inkingi y’ingengabitekerezo y’irondabwoko n’ivangura mu Rwanda. Abasinye iyo nyandiko ni nabo soko y’ibitekerezo byabaye ishingiro rya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu bihe bitandukanye bigasozwa n’iyakozwe mu w’1994.

Abahanga muri Jenoside

Abo mu myaka ya mbere y’ubwigenge, nibo bahaye urugero ba Dr. Sindikubwabo Theodore, Dr. Ferdinand Nahimana, Dr. Leon Mugesera, Dr. Mathieu Ngirumpatse, Prof. Bernard Mutwewingabo n’umugore we, Dr. Ignace Murwanashaka, Musenyeri Focas Nikwigize, Musenyeri Augustin Misago, Padiri Anastase Seromba, Dr. Gerard Ntakirutimana, Dr. Innocent Butare, Dr. Eugene Rwamucyo, Prof. Maniragaba Baributsa, Charles Ndereyehe n’abandi benshi bakomeje umugambi n’ibitekerezo bya Jenoside.

Benshi muri bo inyandiko n’imvugo byabo bisebya amashuri bize kurusha kuyahesha agaciro. Ari nabyo nita kugwingira mu mitekerereze n’imyumvire. Umuntu wiyubaha, agakubitiraho kuba yarize, yirinda kubeshya no gukabya, cyane cyane mu nyandiko. N’ubwo waba wanga umuntu cyangwa ubutegetsi ute, ugomba kwirinda gushyira izina ku nyandiko uzi ko itazaguhesha ikuzo n’icyubahiro mu mateka.

Uretse n’abateguye jenoside hari ingero zindi za vuba usoma wakwibaza ko aba bantu bamaze igihe mu mashuri ukumva barataye igihe. Muri abo banyarwanda, cyane iyo amaze kwambara umwambaro wanditseho “abatavuga rumwe na Leta y’u Rwanda” bita OPOZISIYO, kuvuga ibintu bifite ireme birarangira.

Ugira utya ugasanga Dr. David Himbara cyangwa Kayumba Nyamwasa bamara icyumweru barabaye kanwa kabi kabika abakiriho. Iyo ubonye umuntu amara ibyumweru avuga ngo kanaka yarapfuye arozwe, kanaka arafunzwe kandi ari aho yishyira akizana, ni uko igwingira ry’imitekerereze n’imyumvire biba bigeze kure. Nta politiki yo kwica abakiri ho, ngo ni uko wanga ubutegetsi.

Nasomye inyandiko ya Dr. Theogene Rudasingwa yo ku wa 31 Nyakanga 2019 bintera kwibaza niba ari uwo nzi wakoreye Leta y’u Rwanda nyuma ya Jenoside. Birenze igwingira ntekereza. Birimo gushanyarara nyuma yo kugwingira.

Hari aho Rudasingwa avuga ko abayobozi ba Leta za ba Perezida Gregoire Kayibanda, Juvenal Habyarimana na Theodore Sindikubwabo bari intungane mu myifatire kurusha Leta iyoborwa na Perezida Paul Kagame. Ibi ni bya bindi mu Kinyarwanda babaza ngo, utagera ntagereranya?

Igisobanuro cyonyine cyumvikana ni uko Rudasingwa yaba yarataye ubwenge (coma) igihe kinini akaba atacyibuka aho u Rwanda rwari ruri mbere y’ubutegetsi buriho ubu, ntanamenye n’aho igihugu kigeze.

Theogene Rudasingwa yarezwe na Nyina wapfakajwe na PARMEHUTU. Ibyo ari byo byose umubyeyi we wamureze ari wenyine, mu buzima bukomeye, yamusobanuriye impamvu nta se agira.

Nzi neza ko nyina yaramusobanuriye impamvu bari mu mahanga aho kuba mu Rwanda. Ibyo bikaba ari nabyo byatumye asanga Inkotanyi zimaze kujya ku rugamba n’ubwo yazirwanyaga mbere kubera amaco y’inda. Ni iyo nda nini ikimuyobora ahabi.

Ibyo bitekerezo bishimagiza abakoze u Rwanda mu nda, si iby’ubu. Biri no mu nyandiko ndende y’impapuro 60 yiswe ‘Rwanda Briefing’. Yashizwe ahagaragara muri Kanama 2010. Abayanditse ni abagabo bane bigeze gukomera cyane mu Rwanda. Abo ni Gerard Gahima na murumuna we Theogene Rudasingwa. Abandi ni Kayumba Nyamwasa na Patrick Karegeya.

Iby’iyo nyandiko nagize icyo mbivugaho mu nyandiko yasohotse ku itariki 13 Nzeri 2010. Ni inyandiko isa n’iyanditswe na ba “Dogiteri” Ferdinand Nahimana cyangwa Leon Mugesera cyangwa Ingabire Victoire Umuhoza. Yuzuyemo guhakana no gupfobya jenoside no gushimagiza abakoze icyo cyaha. Iyo ‘Rwanda Briefing’ ikubiyemo ibitekerezo ba nyirayo basubiramo na n’ubu.

Muri abo bane bayanditse, uretse Theogene Rudasingwa, bize amategeko. Umuntu wize amategeko akanubaha uwo mwuga, yirinda kuvuga ibintu bizamukurikirana ubuzima bwe bwose. Ntabwo waba utaragwingiye mu mitekerereze n’imyumvire ngo utinyuke kuvuga ko uburenganzira bwa muntu mu Rwanda bwubahirizwaga cyane mbere ya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi.

Prof. Charles Kambanda ni umwe mu banyarwanda bitwa ko bize ahagije. Kambanda yigisha amategeko muri imwe muri za Kaminuza mu gihugu cya Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika. Iyo usomye ibyo yandika cyangwa ukumva ibyo avuga, wakwibuka ko ari umwarimu wigisha amategeko ugasanga abo yigisha baragowe cyangwa se batajya basoma ibyo yandika ku Rwanda.

Ntabwo waba uzi amategeko ukavuga ko “mu rwego rw’amategeko” nta cyemeza ko mu Rwanda nta jenoside yigeze ikorerwa Abatutsi.  Ari ibyemezo by’Akanama k’Umuryango w’Abibumbye Gashinzwe Amahoro ku Isi, ari Urukiko mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (ICTR/TPIR), bemeje ku buryo budasubirwaho ko icyo cyaha cyakozwe banavuga abagikorewe abo ari bo.  Dr. Leon Mugesera cyangwa Ferdinand Nahimana bavuze nk’ibyo Prof. Kambanda avuga, umuntu yabyumva kubera ko bo nta kinegu n’icyangiro batinya ku bijyanye na Jenoside bahamijwe n’inkiko. Kuba yareruye nka bo ni uko bahuje mu mitekerereze yagwingiye mu mitwe y’abaminuje mu mashuri.

Uyu Kambanda, kimwe na Himbara na Kayumba babaye imbitsi z’abakiriho. Uri umwalimu wa Kaminuza cyangwa undi wese wiha agaciro, wirinda icyo ari cyo cyose cyatuma izina ryawe ryandura.

Hari abajenosideri bize amashuri menshi bashakaga abantu batagira icyo batakaza bakabakoresha amakosa. Ni ibintu bizwi ko hari ibinyamakuru byenyegeje urwango rwa jenoside, abagaragara atari ba nyirabyo. Abandika bakaba ari abadozi b’inkweto nka Hassan Ngeze wayoboraga Kangura, cyangwa abaplanto nka Bernard Hategekimana alias Mukingo wayoboraga icyitwa Kamarampaka.

Himbara ni nka Mukingo

Ubu Himbara na Kambanda babaye ba Hassan Ngeze na Bernard Mukingo kubera kumva ko ari bwo buryo bwabafasha kubaho no kwitwa ko barwanya ubutegetsi bw’u Rwanda. Bamwe ababakoresha nka Ayabatwa Rujugiro ukoresha Himbara ni we Joseph Nzirorera wa Bernard Mukingo cyangwa Koloneli Anatole Nsengiyumva wa Hassan Ngeze.

Abatangaga amafaranga yo kwandika bakanatanga n’umurongo ugenderwaho, babaga banafite ubwenge bw’ubugome bubibutsa ko ibirimo bikorwa bishobora kuzabakurikirana.

Iyo Dr. Theodore Sindikubwabo na Jean Kambanda baza kuba bataragwingiye, ntibari kwemera kuba Perezida na Minisitiri w’Intebe ba Guverinoma y’abicanyi yari yaratekerejwe n’abarimo Koloneri Theoneste Bagosora n’abo mu KAZU. Bageze mu mahanga babatera ishoti basigara bimyiza imoso kugeza ubwo Sindikubwabo bamwiyiciye aho kubarushya bamuhungana.

N’aba ba Kayumba Nyamwasa, Patrick Karegeya, Theogene Rudasingwa na mukuru we Gerard Gahima, iyo baza kuba bataragwingiye mu mitekerereze n’imyumvire bari kwirinda kwandika inyandiko nka ‘Rwanda Briefing’ izabakurikirana mu mateka yabo bose.

Ni iryo gwingira ryanatumye Kayumba na Rudasingwa bibeshya ko nibabeshyera Perezida Kagame urupfu rwa Juvenal Habyarimana bizabaha amanota. Aho kuyabaha, byarabasuzuguje bidasubirwaho. Ni n’iryo gwingira ryabateye kwibeshya ko bashobora kurwanya Leta y’u Rwanda bakayikuraho. Ntabwo waba warabaye Inkotanyi, uzi amateka y’iz’Amarere, ngo wumve ko wahungabanya u Rwanda uko wishakiye.

Igwingira rizana byinshi harimo kubuza urifite kwibuka ibidakwiye kwibagirana. Ibyo gusingiza abakoze Jenoside byavuye mu barokotse Jenoside ya mbere 1959-64, ubu bigeze mu barokotse iyo mu 1994 nakomojeho ubushize. Ni aho mvuga bamwe muri bo bafite imitekerereze icuramye.

Biracyaza…

1 ABAYISENGA BK 5000
2 ADEPR (Ass. des Eglises de Pentecôte) B.P. 404 KIGALI B.C.R. 10000
3 AHOBANGEZE Paulin B.P. 808 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
4 AHORUKOMEYE Philippe B.P. 83 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
5 AKIMANIZANYE KIGALI BACAR 5000
6 AYANONE François B.C.R. 10000
7 AYINKAMIYE Jean Celse B.P. 1164 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
8 AYURUGALI Justin B.P. 69 GIKONGORO B.C.R. 15000
9 BABONA Evariste B.P. 2256 KIGALI B.C.R. 10000
10 BACAMURWANGO Gabriel _ B.C.R. 5000
11 BAGAMBIKI Emmanuel B.C.R. 5000
12 BAGARAGAZA Michel BACAR 50000
13 BAGARAGAZA Télésphore B.P. 380 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
14 BAGENGA Théogène B.P. 537 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
15 BAGILISHYA Lucienne B.P. 1971 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
16 BAGIRIMVANO Etienne B.P. 591 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
17 BAGOSORA M. Louise KIGALI BACAR 5000
18 BAGOSORA Théoneste (Col.) MINADEF BACAR 250000
19 BAHEMBERA Célestin BK 5000
20 BAHEZAYABO BK 5000
21 BAHIRWA Bénoît B.P. 61 KIBUNGO B.C.R. 5000
22 BAHIZI Laurent B.P. 180 GISENYI B.C.R. 5000
23 BAHUFITE Juvénal B.P. 50 GISENYI B.C.R. 5000
24 BAHUNGA Justin _ BACAR 10000
25 BAJYABWAMI Corneille B.P. 52 GISENYI B.C.R. 5000
26 BAKENGERA Oswald GIKONDO-KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
27 BAKINAHE Dominique B.P. 352 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
28 BAKUZAKUNDI Michel C/O P.S.A. B.C.R. 5000
29 BALIBA Alfred B.P. 795 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
30 BALIYANGA Jean Népomuscène B.P. 46 KIGALI B.C.R. 10000
31 BAMENYAYABO Martin B.P. 250 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
32 BAMWANGA J.Baptiste B.P. 83 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
33 BANKA BIGERO Anicet B.P. 914 KIGALI B.C.R. 10000
34 BANYANGABOSE Alfred B.P. 6035 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
35 BANZUBAZE Marie B.C.R.-KIGALI B.C.R. 10000
36 BANZUHAZE Marie (Mme) _ B.C.R. 15000
37 BARABAZI T. KIGALI BACAR 50000
38 BARABURIYE Javan C/O MINITRASO B.C.R. 5000
39 BARAGAHORANYE Juvénal B.N.R. B.C.R. 10000
40 BARAHINYURA Jean B.P. 179 KIGALI BACAR 5000
41 BARARAMBIRWA Augustin B.P. 380 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
42 BARARENGANA J.M.V. B.P. 73 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
43 BARARWEREKANA Joël (Major) B.P. 85 KIGALI BACAR 10000
44 BARASEBWA Célestin B.P. 63 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
45 BARASEBWA Sebastien B.P. 537 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
46 BARAVUGA Laurent B.P. 220 BUTARE BACAR 5000
47 BARAYAGWIZA/SERUGENDO KIGALI BACAR 75000
48 BARAYAVUGA Domitille B.P. 40 KABAYA B.C.R. 5000
49 BAREKERIYO Séraphin B.P. 15 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
50 BARIHE Aloys B.P. 1276 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
51 BARIYANGA Sylvestre MININTER KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
52 BARUHANYA Phénéas BACAR BACAR 10000
53 BARUSHYWANUBUSA J.Népo, Kanzenze-KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
54 BASABOSE Pierre KIGALI BACAR 600000
55 BASABOSE Albert Irené B.P. 464 KIGALI BACAR 5000
56 BASABOSE J. Réné B.P. 464 KIGALI BACAR 5000
57 BASEBYA Augustin B.P. 3521 BACAR 10000
58 BASESA J. Damascène _ B.C.R. 5000
59 BASHOBOYIKI B.P. 1347 KIGALI BACAR 5000
60 BAVAKURE Augustin B.P. 49 BYUMBA B.C.R. 5000
61 BAVAKURE Désiré B.C.R. 5000
62 BAVUGIRIJE Pascal B.P. 180 GISENYI B.C.R. 5000
63 BAVUGIRIJE Vincent ONAPO-KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
64 BAZIMENYERA Laurent B.C.R. RUHENGERI B.C.R. 5000
65 BAZIRAKE Damien B.P. 24 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
66 BAZIRAMWABO Madeleine B.P. 914 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
67 BAZIRAMWABO Phénéas B.P. 380 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
68 BAZIVAMO Christophe B.P. 30 KABAYA B.C.R. 5000
69 BENDA Samuel B.P. 1268 KIGALI B.C.R. 10000
70 BENDANTUNGUKA Elie B.P. 380 KIGALI B.C.R. 10000
71 BENDANTUNGUKA Protais B.P. 2110 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
72 BENIMANA Louis B.P. 2018 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
73 BIBONEYE A. BK 5000
74 BICAMUMPAKA BK 115000
75 BICAMUMPAKA Hyacinthe _ B.C.R. 5000
76 BICAMUMPAKA J. BK 5000
77 BIDEGA BK 10000
78 BIGILIMANA P. Célestin B.C.R. 5000
79 BIGILINKA Ezakar C/O BCR B.C.R. 5000
80 BIGIRAMANA Cyriaque 01 B.P. 914 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
81 BIGIRIMANA Anselme T.V.R. – KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
82 BIGIYOBYENDA F. B.C.R. 5000
83 BIJAGANYA A. BK 5000
84 BIKINDI Simon MIJEUMA BACAR 5000
85 BIKUMBI Raphaël RUBAVU – GISENYI B.C.R. 5000
86 BIKWENO (Capt) BK 5000
87 BIMENYIMANA Pierre B.P. 718 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
88 BINABIRAMA Alphonse MUTURA-GISENYI B.C.R. 5000
89 BIRABONEYE Phocas B.P. 82 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
90 BIRASAMASHYO BK 5000
91 BIRUSHYA Boniface B.P. 1660 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
92 BISANUKURI Canisius B.P. 717 KIGALI B.C.R. 10000
93 BITANGUSABE Emmanuel KIGALI BACAR 5000
94 BITENYO Laurent B.P. 34 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
95 BITENYO Laurent P. CH. MITRAPE B.C.R. 10000
96 BIVAMVAGARA Patrice B.P. 1537 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
97 BIZABARIMANA Laurent Camp MUKAMIRA B.C.R. 5000
98 BIZABATURUKAHO Onesphore B.P. 88 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
99 BIZIMANA BK 10000
100 BIZIMANA BK 5000
101 BIZIMANA Anastase B.P. 1911 KIGALI B.C.R. 10000
102 BIZIMANA Désiré B.P. 380 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
103 BIZIMANA Jean Pierre STE KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
104 BIZIMUNGU Côme B.P. 82 KIGALI B.C.R. 10000
105 BIZIYAREMYE Marcel C/O BRALIRWA-GISENYI B.C.R. 5000
106 BIZUMUREMYI Anastase (Lt) GENDARMERIE B.C.R. 10000
107 BOSENIBAMWE Célestin BK 10000
108 BUCYANA J. Bosco MURAMBI GICIYE B.C.R. 5000
109 BUDEHERI Gratien B.P. 380 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
110 BUDURA Augustin _ B.C.R. 5000
111 BUGANDA NKIRIYEHE J. Bapt. B.P. 531 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
112 BUGIRANGE Manassé B.P. 47 CYANGUGU B.C.R. 5000
113 BUHAKE Aminadabu B.P. 380 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
114 BUHAKE Vincent B.P. 380 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
115 BUKEYE Joseph B.P. 2458 KIGALI BACAR 10000
116 BUNANI Charles B.P. 1860 KIGALI BACAR 10000
117 BUNANI Paul B.P. 2120 KIGALI B.C.R. 10000
118 BUROKO Ernest BACAR 10000
119 BUROKO Ernest B.P. 198 KIGALI B.C.R. 10000
120 BUTAZA Laurent B.P. 266 CYANGUGU B.C.R. 50000
121 BUTERA Célestin B.P. 22 BYUMBA B.C.R. 5000
122 BUTERA Jean Baptiste _ B.C.R. 5000
123 BUTSITSI Charles B.P. 302 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
124 BWANAKWELI Kizito B.P. 537 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
125 BYABONYENDE Epiphanie Commune GICIYE B.C.R. 5000
126 BYABUZE Bernard NYARUGENGE BACAR 5000
127 BYIBESHYO Gaspard B.P. 1332 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
128 BYIBESHYO Stanislas B.P. 1347 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
129 CHOVINARD B.P. 125 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
130 COPIMAR BK 100000
131 CYAMUNALI Siméon B.P. 380 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
132 DUKUZUMUREMYI Anaclet B.P. 85 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
133 DUSABEMALIYA Marie Josée BCR B.C.R. 5000
134 DUSABEYEZU BK 5000
135 DUSABEYEZU Sother B.P. 410 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
136 DUSENGIMANA Ildephonse B.P. 956 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
137 DUSHIMIRIMANA Evode B.P. 83 KIGALI BACAR 5000
138 DUTURANYE Albert B.P. 314 GISENYI B.C.R. 5000
139 EPIPHART B.P. 435 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
140 FASHINGABO Augustin B.P. 1224 KIGALI B.C.R. 30000
141 FAYIDA J. Damascène B.P. 354 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
142 FELESI Léonidas B.P. 21 Byumba B.C.R. 5000
143 FURAHA Ferdinand STIR B.C.R. 5000
144 GACAMUMAKUBA Nicodème B.C.R. 5000
145 GACANDAZI Félicien B.P. 380 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
146 GAHAMANYI BK 5000
147 GAHAMANYI Anastase B.P. 617 BUTARE B.C.R. 5000
148 GAHIGI BK 5000
149 GAHIGI Gaspard RTLM, B.P. 2918 B.C.R. 10000
150 GAHIGI Jean Bosco B.P. C/O BCR-KIGALI B.C.R. 30000
151 GAHIMANO Fabien (Col) B.P. 23 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
152 GAHUKU Faustin NYAMIRAMBO C. Batis, B.C.R. 5000
153 GAHUNDE Christophe B.P. 97 KGL, RGRI B.C.R. 5000
154 GAHUTU Bernard B.C.R. 5000
155 GAHUTU Jean Providence NGARAMA BACAR 5000
156 GAKARA Théophile B.P. 359 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
157 GAKUMBA J.M.V. B.P. 1582 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
158 GAKWAVU Bernard B.P. 621 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
159 GAKWAYA Apollinaire B.P. 1266 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
160 GASANA Faustin _ B.C.R. 10000
161 GASANA Photidas BK 5000
162 GASARUHANDE Samuel B.P. 21 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
163 GASASIRA Célestin CER – NYABISINDU B.C.R. 5000
164 GASHEGU Dismas B.P. 1054 KIGALI B.C.R. 15000
165 GASHEGU Jean Luc B.P. 1054 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
166 GASHUGI Innocent BK 10000
167 GASIGWA Straton BK 20000
168 GASIMBA B. Jean B.P. 621 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
169 GASISI Boniface B.P. 16 BYUMBA B.C.R. 5000
170 GASONGERO Justin B.P. 3 RAMBURA B.C.R. 5000
171 GASORE A. BK 10000
172 GASORE RUKARA Pierre B.P. 2080 KIGALI BACAR 5000
173 GATANAZI Bernard B.P. 1 NYAMATA B.C.R. 5000
174 GATARAYIHA Frodouald B.P. 423 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
175 GATARAYIHA Hyacinthe Camp GISENYI B.C.R. 5000
176 GATERA Célestin B.P. 46 BYUMBA B.C.R. 5000
177 GATETE J.Baptiste B.P. 14 Gakenke B.C.R. 5000
178 GATSIMBANYI Dominique Commune NKULI B.C.R. 5000
179 GATSINZI Appolinaire B.P. 37 GIKONGORO B.C.R. 5000
180 GIHUNGU HADJI B.P. 594 KIGALI B.C.R. 10000
181 HABAKURANAMA Augustin BK 10000
182 HABAMBYINGWE Jean Eudes B.C.R. 50000
183 HABARUGIRA André B.P. 14 Gakenke B.C.R. 5000
184 HABARUGIRA Pierre B.P. 40 KABAYA B.C.R. 5000
185 HABARUGIRA Tito B.P. 615 GIKONGORO B.C.R. 5000
186 HABARUREMA Emmanuel B.P. 2442 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
187 HABARUREMA Valence B.P. 534 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
188 HABARUSHAKA Claudien _ B.C.R. 5000
189 HABIMANA BK 5000
190 HABIMANA BK 5000
191 HABIMANA Donat (Cdt) B.P. 85 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
192 HABIMANA Gilbert B.P. 2077 KIGALI BACAR 10000
193 HABIMANA J.S. BK 5000
194 HABIMANA Jean B.P. 23 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
195 HABIMANA Juvénal B.P. 1334 KIGALI B.C.R. 20000
196 HABIMANA KANTANO B.P. ,,,,,,,,, BUTARE B.C.R. 5000
197 HABIMANA Paul B.P. 1597 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
198 HABIMANA Phocas BACAR 100000
199 HABINEZA KARAMIRA B.P. 914 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
200 HABINEZA NGABE Maurice _ B.C.R. 5000
201 HABINEZA Z. BK 5000
202 HABINSHUTI Christophe B.P. 498 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
203 HABIYAMBERE J.M.V. B.P. 124 KIGALI B.C.R. 10000
204 HABIYAMBERE Joseph _ BACAR 50000
205 HABIYAMBERE Pascal B.P. 220 BUTARE BACAR 5000
206 HABIYAMBERE Protais C/O GASARUHANDE S. B.C.R. 5000
207 HABIYAREMYE François B.P. 380 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
208 HABIYAREMYE J. de Dieu B.P. 537 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
209 HABUMUGISHA Léopold B.P. 180 GISENYI B.C.R. 5000
210 HABUMUREMYI Joseph B.P. 511 KIGALI B.C.R. 25000
211 HABYALIMANA J. Pierre B.P. 2280 KIGALI B.C.R. 130000
212 HABYARIMANA Jean de Dieu BK 5000
213 HABYARIMANA Juvénal KIGALI BACAR 1000000
214 HABYARIMANA Léonard B.P. 37 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
215 HABYARIMANA Thomas B.P. 1332 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
216 HAGUMA Hilaire B.P. 148 GISENYI B.C.R. 5000
217 HAGUMA P. Célestin B.P. 85 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
218 HAGUMAGUTUMA Anastase B.P. 42 KIGALI B.C.R. 10000
219 HAGUMAKWIHA Révérien B.P. 131 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
220 HAGUMIMANA Jacques B.P. 73 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
221 HAGUMIMANA Ladislas B.P. 40 GIKONGORO B.C.R. 5000
222 HAGUMIMVUGO Isaac B.P. 5 Ramb. Gis. B.C.R. 5000
223 HAHIRWABASENGA Alexandre _ B.C.R. 5000
224 HAKIRABAKE Cyprien B.P. 41 KIBUNGO B.C.R. 5000
225 HAKIZABERA Paul B.P. 117 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
226 HAKIZAMUNGU Ignace B.P. 624 KIGALI BACAR 20000
227 HAKIZAYEZU Mathieu B.P. 1035 KIGALI B.C.R. 20000
228 HAKIZIMANA BK 10000
229 HAKIZIMANA André B.P. 619 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
230 HAKIZIMANA Apollinaire B.P. 2442 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
231 HAKIZIMANA Bernard MAYELI B.P. 498 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
232 HAKIZIMANA Clotilde PETRORWANDA B.C.R. 5000
233 HAKIZIMANA Déogratias MINICOMART B.C.R. 5000
234 HAKIZIMANA Etienne B.P. 640 KIGAL B.C.R. 5000
235 HAKIZIMANA Félicien B.P. 1347 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
236 HAKIZIMANA Gaspard B.P. 24 KIGALI B.C.R. 10000
237 HAKIZIMANA J. Chrysostome B.P. 537 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
238 HAKIZIMANA Joseph B.P. 531 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
239 HAKIZIMANA Théodore (Capt) Armée Rwandaise B.C.R. 5000
240 HAKIZUWERA Titien B.P. 741 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
241 HAKUZIMANA Alphonse B.P. 380 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
242 HAKUZIMANA Dative BACAR BACAR 5000
243 HAKUZWANIMANA G. BK 5000
244 HAKUZWUMUREMYI Venant B.P. 625 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
245 HALELUYA Phanuel B.P. 169 GISENYI B.C.R. 5000
246 HALINDINTWALI Célestin B.P. 618 BUTARE B.C.R. 5000
247 HANYURWIMFURA Joseph B.P. 2608 KIGALI BACAR 10000
248 HARELIMANA BK 10000
249 HARELIMANA Camille B.P. 359 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
250 HARELIMANA Célestin B.P. 15 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
251 HARELIMANA Edouard Nyamugali BACAR 5000
252 HARELIMANA Eugène B.P. 85 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
253 HARELIMANA Faustin Journaliste ARP B.C.R. 5000
254 HARELIMANA François B.P. 710 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
255 HARELIMANA Gaspard B.P. 83 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
256 HARERIMANA St. B.C.R. 5000
257 HAROLIMANA Innocent Commune KACYIRU B.C.R. 5000
258 HARWANIMBAGA Célestin BK 5000
259 HASABWIMFURA Vincent B.P. 354 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
260 HATANGIMBABAZI Mathias B.P. 85 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
261 HATARI Augustin BK 5000
262 HATEGEKIMANA BK 5000
263 HATEGEKIMANA Jean M. B.P. 85 KIGALI BACAR 5000
264 HATEGEKIMANA Joseph C/O Commune RUSUMO B.C.R. 5000
265 HATEGEKIMANA Pragmace B.P. 1332 KIGALI B.C.R. 10000
266 HATEGEKIMANA Raphaël _ B.C.R. 5000
267 HATEGEKIMANA Straton B.P. 953 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
268 HATEGEKIMANA Vénant B.P. 85 KIGALI B.C.R. 10000
269 HATUNGIMANA Déogratias B.P. 445 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
270 HEBELI Jean Paul B.P. 77 CYANGUGU B.C.R. 5000
271 HICABAREZI T. BK 5000
272 HIGANIRO Alphonse C/O Usine Allumettes B.C.R. 100000
273 HITIMANA Emmanuel IMMIGRATION B.C.R. 10000
274 HITIMANA Michel _ B.C.R. 5000
275 HITIMANA Noël B.P. 2948 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
276 IBAMBASI Antoine B.P. 46 KIGALI BACAR 10000
277 ILIMANILIJE Théodomir B.P. 2120 KIGALI BACAR 10000
278 ILYIVUZE Cyprien B.P. 380 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
279 IMANISHIMWE Samuel (Lt) B.P. 85 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
280 INEZA Roger Noël B.P. 464 KIGALI BACAR 5000
281 INGABIRE Jeanne d’Arc B.P. 621 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
282 INIGA Damien B.P. 36 GIKONGORO B.C.R. 5000
283 ISHIMWE Caroline B.P. 914 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
284 IYAKAREMYE Aminadabu B.P. 1971 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
285 IYAKAREMYE Anthère RUHENGERI BACAR 100000
286 IYAKAREMYE Fidèle B.P. 718 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
287 IYAMURAGIYE Benjamin B.P. 380 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
288 IZIRUGURU Alfred B.P. 2711 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
289 Journal KANGURA B.P. 1312 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
290 KABAGEMA Ferdinand B.P. 1034 KIGALI B.C.R. 20000
291 KABAGEMA Innocent B.P. 56 BUTARE B.C.R. 5000
292 KABANZA Faustin B.P. 331 KIGALI BACAR 5000
293 KABERA Eraste B.P. 832 KIGALI B.C.R. 10000
294 KABERA Justin B.P. 25 GISENYI BACAR 5000
295 KABERA Tharcisse B.P. 1332 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
296 KABILIGI Elysée B.P. 446 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
297 KABOYI Jérémie _ B.C.R. 5000
298 KABUGA Félicien KIGALI BACAR 500000
299 KAGIMBANGABO André B.P. 56 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
300 KAJUGA J. Pierre CARE International B.C.R. 5000
301 KAJUGA Robert BK 10000
302 KALIKUMUTIMA J. Baptiste B.P. 1628 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
303 KALIMUNDA Eugène B.P. 54 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
304 KALIMUNDA François B.P. 748 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
305 KALISA Faustin B.C.R. 5000
306 KALISA J.M.V. B.P. 47 CYANGUGU B.C.R. 10000
307 KALISA Victor B.P. 85 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
308 KAMALI Elie _ B.C.R. 5000
309 KAMALI Fidèle B.P. 47 CYANGUGU B.C.R. 5000
310 KAMALI Isaac BK 5000
311 KAMANA Claver B.C.R. 300000
312 KAMANUTSI D.C. U.T. KITABI B.C.R. 5000
313 KAMANUTSI J.M.V. B.P. 24 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
314 KAMANZI Marcel BACAR 5000
315 KAMEGERI Joseph B.P. 83 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
316 KAMPAYANA Jean B.P. 537 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
317 KAMPIRE Florence BK 5000
318 KAMUHANDA Valens B.P. 317 GISENYI B.C.R. 5000
319 KAMUZINZI Guillaume B.P. 104 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
320 KANAMUGIRE Bénoit B.P. 380 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
321 KANAMUGIRE Fulgence B.P. 445 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
322 KANDAMUTSA Géneviève B.P. 380 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
323 KANDEKWE Papias _ B.C.R. 5000
324 KANIMBA Alphonse B.P. 1475 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
325 KANTENGWA Prudencienne B.P. 1035 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
326 KANYAMIBWA Alexis MURAMBI-BYUMBA B.C.R. 5000
327 KANYAMIBWA Célestin RWANDATEL B.C.R. 5000
328 KANYAMUHANDA Faustin B.P. 537 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
329 KANYANDEKWE Alfred C/O B.P. 537 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
330 KANYANZIRA Joseph ELECTROGAZ-KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
331 KANYARUKIKO Denis B.P. 2120 KIGALI BACAR 5000
332 KANYARUSHOKI Célestin BK 5000
333 KANYARWANDA Claudien B.P. 380 KIGALI B.C.R. 20000
334 KANYARWANDA Samuel B.P. 83 KIGALI BACAR 5000
335 KANYARWUNGA Martin B.P. 223 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
336 KAPITALI A. BK 5000
337 KARAMIRA J.Bosco B.P. 83 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
338 KARANGWA Fidèle RUHENGERI B.C.R. 20000
339 KARASIRA Jean de Dieu B.P. 42 KIGALI B.C.R. 10000
340 KAREKEZI F. B.P. 1342 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
341 KAREKEZI J. de Dieu MNAFFET KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
342 KAREKEZI Justin B.P. 225 GISENYI B.C.R. 5000
343 KAREKEZI L. KIGOMBE B.C.R. 5000
344 KAREKEZI Michel SHYORONGI-KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
345 KAREKEZI V. BK 5000
346 KAREMERA Edouard (Mme) B.P. 2080 KIGALI BACAR 25000
347 KARENZI Théogène B.P. 621 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
348 KARENZO L. BK 5000
349 KARERA François B.P. 82 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
350 KARWERA Espérance MUTWE B.P. 692 KIGALI BACAR 50000
351 KARWERA Sperancie MUTWE BK 10000
352 KASHUNGERA Faustin MUVUMBA – BYUMBA B.C.R. 5000
353 KAVURAJABO Etienne B.P. 633 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
354 KAYABUKI BK 5000
355 KAYIGAMBA Jotham B.P. 437 GISENYI B.C.R. 25000
356 KAYIJAHO Fidèle BK 20000
357 KAYIJUKA Augustin B.P. 302 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
358 KAYINAMURA Théoneste B.P. 41 KIBUNGO B.C.R. 5000
359 KAYIRANGWA E. BK 5000
360 KAYITANA Augustin B.P. 380 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
361 KAYITARE Charles B.P. 15 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
362 KAYITSINGA P. Célestin B.P. 2948 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
363 KAYOGORA Frédérick B.P. 637 KIGALI B.C.R. 10000
364 KAYONDO Enock _ B.C.R. 5000
365 KAYONDO Pierre B.P. 403 KIGALI B.C.R. 10000
366 KAYUMBA Célestin BACAR 50000
367 KAZINDUTSI Fulgence RUTARE-BYUMBA B.C.R. 5000
368 KAZUNGU Gaspard C/O NAHIMANA Ferd. B.C.R. 15000
369 KAZUNGU J. Paul P.CH. RUHENGERI B.C.R. 5000
370 KIBIBI Aghouse B.P. 15 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
371 KIMONYO François et Mme B.C.R. 10000
372 KOMPANYI SEMIVUMBI NYARUGENGE-KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
373 KUGAYA Jean B.P. 712 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
374 KURAZIKUBONE Stanislas BK 5000
375 KWITONDA Thaddée B.P. 532 KIGALI B.C.R. 10000
376 KWIZERA Aaron B.P. 18 CYANGUGU B.C.R. 5000
377 LIBERAKURORA J. Baptiste _ B.C.R. 10000
378 LIZABARANDE Anastase _ B.C.R. 5000
379 MABURANTURO F. BCR-NYABISINDU B.C.R. 5000
380 MAHANO Athanase B.P. 2120 KIGALI BACAR 100000
381 MAJYAMBERE Frédéric Cyabingo-Rhgri B.C.R. 5000
382 MAJYAMBERE N. BK 5000
383 MAKUZA Anastase B.P. 498 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
384 MALIRO Sylvain B.P. 84 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
385 MAMBO Antoine B.P. 1006 KIGALI B.C.R. 10000
386 MAMBO Antoine KIGALI B.C.R. 10000
387 MANIRAGABA Bernard B.P. 438 KIGALI B.C.R. 25000
388 MANIRAGABA Thaddée ELECTROGAZ B.C.R. 5000
389 MANIRAGENA Valence B.P. 537 KIGALI B.C.R. 15000
390 MANIRAGUHA Joseph ISAE BUSOGO B.C.R. 5000
391 MANIRAHO P. Claver B.P. 85 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
392 MANIRAHO Tharcisse B.P. 953 KIGALI B.C.R. 10000
393 MANIRAKIZA Protais B.P. 408 KIGALI B.C.R. 20000
394 MANIRARORA Jean B.P. 380 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
395 MANYENZI Célestin B.C.R. 5000
396 MAREMBA Augustin B.P. 19 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
397 MASUMBUKO Bénoit C/O U.T.GISAKURA B.C.R. 5000
398 MATESO BK 5000
399 MAYONDE Nestor B.P. 6 BUGARAMA B.C.R. 5000
400 MBABARENGIRENTE Célestin BK 5000
401 MBABAZABAHIZI _ B.C.R. 5000
402 MBABAZABAHIZI Laurent B.P. 1610 KGIALI B.C.R. 5000
403 MBALINDA Alexis B.P. 808 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
404 MBANGURA Daniel MINEPRISEC B.C.R. 10000
405 MBANZABUGABO Froduald Service Radio T.V. B.C.R. 10000
406 MBANZABUGABO Laurent B.P. 24 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
407 MBARAGA Léon B.P. 297 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
408 MBARUSHA Ancilla AMBA-UGANDA B.C.R. 5000
409 MBARUSHIMANA BK 5000
410 MBARUSHIMANA B.P. 281 KIGALI BACAR 40000
411 MBARUSHIMANA (Capt) B.P. 85 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
412 MBARUSHIMANA J.Baptiste GISENYI B.C.R. 5000
413 MBATERE Edouard B.P. 21 BYUMBA B.C.R. 5000
414 MBEREYE Faustin B.P. 39 NYABISINDU B.C.R. 5000
415 MBIKESHIMANA P.Célestin B.PO. 179 KIGALI BACAR 5000
416 MBONABARYI Noël B.P. 1139 KIGALI BACAR 5000
417 MBONARIBA Enias KIGALI BACAR 5000
418 MBONIGABA Stanislas _ B.C.R. 5000
419 MBONYE KOPE Gratien KIGALI BACAR 200000
420 MBONYE KOPI Gratien CENTRE CULT. ISL BACAR 5000
421 MBONYINSHUTI (Adjudant) BK 5000
422 MBONYINSHUTI Badur Garage AMESORWA B.C.R. 5000
423 MBONYUKIZA BK 5000
424 MBUGUJE J. Damascène B.P. 14 Gakenke B.C.R. 5000
425 MBUNGIRA Faustin B.P. 1775 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
426 MBYALIYEHE Gabriel B.C.R. 20000
427 MENEYINTWALI Claudien B.P. 85 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
428 MIAS François FRANCE BACAR 126000
429 MIRASANO Célestin _ B.C.R. 10000
430 MIRASANO Emmanuel B.P. 14 Gakenke B.C.R. 10000
431 MIRIMO Joseph BK 5000
432 MIRONKO François MIROPLAST B.C.R. 5000
433 MISAGO R. Antoine BK 10000
434 MPABANZI A. _ BACAR 5000
435 MPALINDA Alexis AIR RWANDA B.C.R. 5000
436 MPAMBARA Ildephonse _ BACAR 10000
437 MPARIRWA J.M.V. UWAMALIYA B.P. 2190 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
438 MPEZAMIHIGO Evariste B.P. 1332 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
439 MPIGANIYEHO Schadrack RUHENGERI B.C.R. 5000
440 MPORE Jean Chrysostome _ B.C.R. 5000
441 MPOZEMBIZI J. Pierre B.P. 21 CYANGUGU B.C.R. 5000
442 MPOZEMBIZI Marc B.P. 107 GISENYI B.C.R. 5000
443 MUBANO Viateur B.P. 83 KIGALI BACAR 5000
444 MUBASHANKWAYA Emmanuel Commune BUYOGA B.C.R. 5000
445 MUBILIGI Justin N. _ B.C.R. 10000
446 MUCUMANKIKO Silas B.P. 650 KIGALI B.C.R. 50000
447 MUDACUMURA Sylvestre B.P. 85 KIGALI B.C.R. 20000
448 MUDAHEMUKA Félicien B.P. 1035 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
449 MUDAHERANWA Fabien B.P. 351 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
450 MUDAHUNGA Jean B.P. 06 BYUMBA B.C.R. 5000
451 MUDAKEMWA Edouard BCR KIBUNGO B.C.R. 5000
452 MUDAKUKANWA Pascal B.P. 85 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
453 MUGABALIRIGA Tharcisse B.P. 236 KIGALI B.C.R. 10000
454 MUGANGA Eraste Seleman B.P. 2442 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
455 MUGARAGU Cassien GATSIBO-BYUMBA B.C.R. 5000
456 MUGARAGU Léodomir B.P. 85 KIGALI B.C.R. 10000
457 MUGENDALIHUSHYE Georges KABARE I KIBUNGO B.C.R. 5000
458 MUGENGARARO (Major) B.P. 378 KIGALI BACAR 5000
459 MUGENZI Benoît B.C.R. 5000
460 MUGIMBA J. Baptiste KIGALI BACAR 10000
461 MUGIRANEZA Benoît B.P. 2076 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
462 MUGIRANEZA Emmanuel B.P. 1 KIBUNGO B.C.R. 5000
463 MUGIRANEZA Prosper B.P. 405 KIGALI BACAR 20000
464 MUHABURA Denis B.P. 270 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
465 MUHAMIRIZA Charles B.P. 24 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
466 MUHAMYANKAKA Damien B.C.R. 5000
467 MUHAWENIMANA Jean GASASA GICIYE B.C.R. 5000
468 MUHAWENIMANA P. B.P. 331 KIGALI BACAR 5000
469 MUHAYIMANA Télésphore B.P. 2413 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
470 MUHIMPUNDU T. _ B.C.R. 5000
471 MUHIRE Aloys B.P. 26 BYUMBA B.C.R. 5000
472 MUHIRE MBABAZI Annick B.P. 914 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
473 MUHIRWA MBABAZI Jimmy B.P. 914 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
474 MUHOZA Anastase ELECTROGAZ-Rwamagana B.C.R. 5000
475 MUHOZA Esidore B.P. 741 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
476 MUHOZI François-Xavier B.P. 2280 KIGALI B.C.R. 30000
477 MUHUMUZA MBABAZI Ivon B.P. 914 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
478 MUHUTU J. Damascène B.P. 537 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
479 MUJAWAMALIYA Eugénie B.P. 354 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
480 MUJAWAYEZU M. Marthe KIGALI BACAR 5000
481 MUJAWAYEZU Pélagie MINITRAPE B.C.R. 5000
482 MUJAWIMANA Félicité _ B.C.R. 5000
483 MUJYAMBERE Yves B.P. 622 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
484 MUKABIDELI Astérie KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
485 MUKAKABEGO Gaudence B.C.R. 5000
486 MUKAKABENGA Stéphanie B.P. 2038 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
487 MUKAKALISA Marie Goretti C/O DUTERIMBERE B.C.R. 5000
488 MUKAKAYANGE A. BK 5000
489 MUKAMA MBABAZI Willy B.P. 914 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
490 MUKAMANA Alphonsine B.P. 83 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
491 MUKAMANA Dorothée B.P. 446 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
492 MUKAMANZI Jacqueline B.P. 27 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
493 MUKAMBONERA Drocelle B.C.R.-KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
494 MUKAMFIZI Pascasia B.P. 61 KIBUNGO B.C.R. 5000
495 MUKAMURANGIRA T. KIGALI BACAR 5000
496 MUKAMURARA V. BK 5000
497 MUKAMUSONI Naum B.C.R.-KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
498 MUKANDANGA Annonciata _ B.C.R. 5000
499 MUKANDATWA Charité KIGOMBE B.C.R. 5000
500 MUKANDEKEZI Zuwena B.P. 1977 KIGALI B.C.R. 25000
501 MUKANEZA Agnès B.P. 279 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
502 MUKANGARAMBE BK 5000
503 MUKANGWIJE Astérie B.P. 784 KIGALI BACAR 10000
504 MUKANKIMA Drocelle B.P. 1469 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
505 MUKANKUBITO Philomène B.P. 914 KIGALI B.C.R. 10000
506 MUKANKUSI Célestine BK 5000
507 MUKANSANGA Claire BACAR 10000
508 MUKANSANGA M. Claire BACAR 40000
509 MUKANSANGA Pascasie C/O OPHAR-KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
510 MUKANYAMIBWA M.R. B.C.R.-KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
511 MUKANYANDWI Christine BACAR 10000
512 MUKARUGABA Christiane B.P. 195 GISENYI B.C.R. 5000
513 MUKARUSANGA Anastasie KAYOVE-GISENYI B.C.R. 5000
514 MUKARUSHEMA Dancille C/O NAHIMANA Ferd. B.C.R. 10000
515 MUKARUTAMU Ageneste B.P. 83 KIGALI B.C.R. 10000
516 MUKASHAWEGA Consolée B.P. 83 KIGALI B.C.R. 10000
517 MUKASHAWIGA Dimitrie MINISANTE B.C.R. 5000
518 MUKATURATSINZE Victorine _ B.C.R. 5000
519 MUKAZAYIRE BK 5000
520 MUKAZIBERA F. _ BACAR 5000
521 MUKESHAWE Alexis B.P. 718 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
522 MUKESHIMANA Donatille B.P. 531 KIGALI B.C.R. 10000
523 MUKESHIMANA Eugénie B.P. 1790 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
524 MUKESHIMANA Gloria C/O TULIMUBANZI B.C.R. 5000
525 MUKESHIMANA R. B.P. 210 KIGALI B.C.R. 25000
526 MUKIZA Léandre B.P. 446 KIGALI B.C.R. 10000
527 MULIHANO Isaac B.P. 247 KIGALI B.C.R. 20000
528 MULINDABIGWI Oscar B.P. 331 KIGALI BACAR 5000
529 MULINDAHABI J.M.V. B.P. 15 KIBUNGO B.C.R. 5000
530 MUNDELI L. BK 5000
531 MUNGWE Innocent B.P. 146 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
532 MUNYABAGENZI B. B.P. 146 BACAR 5000
533 MUNYABARENZI Boniface B.P. 757 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
534 MUNYAGISHARI Emmanuel B.P. 160 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
535 MUNYAKANAMA Faustin B.P. 808 KIGALI B.C.R. 10000
536 MUNYAKAYANZA Dévota B.P. 159 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
537 MUNYAKAZI Chr. BK 5000
538 MUNYAKAZI Thomas B.P. 354 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
539 MUNYAKAZI Vénance B.P. 351 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
540 MUNYAMAKUBA Emmanuel U.T. KITABI B.C.R. 10000
541 MUNYAMBARAGA Isaac B.P. 1858 KIGALI B.C.R. 10000
542 MUNYAMPETA Dominique B.P. 1341 KIGALI BACAR 5000
543 MUNYAMPOTORE L. (Major) Camp KANOMBE B.C.R. 5000
544 MUNYAMPUNDU Cyprien B.C.R. 20000
545 MUNYANDIRIKIRWA Venant B.P. 2413 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
546 MUNYANEZA Côme (S/Lt) B.P. 85 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
547 MUNYANEZA Léon B.P. 354 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
548 MUNYANGABE Marcel B.P. 160 KIGALI BACAR 10000
549 MUNYANGABE Marcel B.P. S.O.O. KIGALI BACAR 10000
550 MUNYANGANIZI Donat ELCTROGAZ BACAR 200000
551 MUNYANGOGA Eugène B.P. 446 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
552 MUNYANKINDI BK 5000
553 MUNYANKINDI Jean de Dieu RUHENGERI B.C.R. 5000
554 MUNYANKIRIRE Siméon B.P. 21 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
555 MUNYANKONGI Salathiel _ B.C.R. 5000
556 MUNYARUBUGA Anaclet B.P. 24 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
557 MUNYARUGAMBA Joseph _ B.C.R. 50000
558 MUNYARUGERERO B, GISENYI B.C.R. 50000
559 MUNYARUGERERO Vincent MINITRAPE BACAR 5000
560 MUNYARUGURU Emmanuel B.P. 85 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
561 MUNYARUKATO Ladislas S/Préf, NGORORERO B.C.R. 10000
562 MUNYARUKIKO Fidèle _ B.C.R. 10000
563 MUNYARUKIKO Phénéas B.P. 2283 KIGALI B.C.R. 5920
564 MUNYARUSISIRO Mamert B.P. 12 KABAYA B.C.R. 5000
565 MUNYAWERA Emmanuel MINITRAPE BACAR 5000
566 MUNYEMBABAZI Faustin GIKONDO-KIGALI B.C.R. 10000
567 MUNYENGAME Schadrack B.P. 85 KIGALI B.C.R. 10000
568 MUNYESHURI Ernest B.P. 621 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
569 MUPENDA P. Claver (Dr) B.P 179 KIGALI BACAR 5000
570 MUPENDA Frédéric B.P. 397 KIGALI B.C.R. 10000
571 MUREKEZI Léonard Camp MUHIMA B.C.R. 10000
572 MUREKEZI Onesphore B.P. 380 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
573 MURENGERANTWALI Félicien B.P. 56 GOKONGORO B.C.R. 5000
574 MURENGERANTWALI Védaste B.P. 1122 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
575 MURENGEZI Célestin B.P. 174 GISENYI B.C.R. 5000
576 MURENZI Evariste (Capt) B.P. 85 KIGALI BACAR 5000
577 MURINDAHABI Ephrem B.P. 1332 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
578 MUSA Antoine _ B.C.R. 5000
579 MUSABE Aimable B.P. 158 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
580 MUSABE Pasteur BACAR BACAR 500000
581 MUSABYIMANA Grégoire Nyamugali BACAR 10000
582 MUSABYIMANA Emmanuel Camp KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
583 MUSABYIMANA Gaspard RUHENGERI B.C.R. 10000
584 MUSANGANYA Faustin _ B.C.R. 5000
585 MUSANGANYA J. Claude B.P. 12 KGL-GAKENKE B.C.R. 5000
586 MUSEKA UWAMALIYA Anne BK 10000
587 MUSEKURA Joseph B.P. 380 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
588 MUSEKURA Simon B.P. 718 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
589 MUSEMAKWELI Boni Pie NYAMYUMBA B.C.R. 5000
590 MUSEMAKWELI Déogratias _ B.C.R. 5000
591 MUSEMAKWELI S. BK 5000
592 MUSENGIMANA Innocent B.P. 354 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
593 MUSENGIMANA Siméon B.P. 1698 KIGALI B.C.R. 10000
594 MUSHAYIJA Alphonse KIVUYE-BYUMBA B.C.R. 5000
595 MUSHIMIYIMANA Joram B.P. 808 KIGALI BACAR 100000
596 MUTABARUKA Sylvain B.P. 07 KIBUNGO B.C.R. 5000
597 MUTABERA Aloys C.C. MAYUYA B.C.R. 5000
598 MUTANA MBABAZI Aimée B.P. 914 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
599 MUTANGANA MBABAZI Diane B.P. 914 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
600 MUTIRYARYA J. Chrysostome B.P. 808 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
601 MUVUNANDINDA Claver MINITRAPE BACAR 5000
602 MUVUNYI André B.C.R.-KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
603 MUVUNYI André Berne Suisse B.C.R. 100000
604 MUVUNYI André C/O KAYINAMURA Phocas B.C.R. 5000
605 MUVUZANKWAYA Léonidas B.P. 206 GISENYI B.C.R. 5000
606 MVUKIYUMWAMI Joseph ISAR-BUTARE B.C.R. 5000
607 MVULIRWENANDE J.M.V. B.P. 15 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
608 MVUYEKURE Claver B.P. 354 KIGALI B.C.R. 50000
609 MVUYEKURE Louis B.P. 380 KIGALI BACAR 5000
610 MWANGA Paul _ B.C.R. 5000
611 MWONGEREZA Bernard RUBUNGO BACAR 5000
612 MWUMVANEZA Cyrille B.P. 1044 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
613 NAHIMANA Ferdinand U.N.R. Ruhengeri BACAR 50000
614 NAKUZWE Immaculée _ BACAR 5000
615 NARHOLTZ J.Marc A. CANADA BACAR 126000
616 NAYIGIZIKI Jonathan _ BACAR 10000
617 NDABALINZE Sylvestre _ BACAR 10000
618 NDABAMENYE F. BK 5000
619 NDABATEZE Célestin C/O MUNYENGABE S. B.C.R. 5000
620 NDABITONDEYE J.B. BK 5000
621 NDAGIJIMANA BK 5000
622 NDAGIJIMANA Alkalayi B.P. 902 KIGALI B.C.R. 10000
623 NDAGIJIMANA Déogratias B.P. 85 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
624 NDAGIJIMANA Dieudonné B.P. 24 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
625 NDAGIJIMANA J.Claude B.P. 537 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
626 NDAGIJIMANA Wenceslas _ B.C.R. 25000
627 NDAGIWENIMANA Jean BK 5000
628 NDAHAYO Jean de Dieu B.P. 498 B.C.R. 5000
629 NDAHIMANA Narcisse B.P. 33 RAMBURA B.C.R. 10000
630 NDALIHORANYE J.B. (Dr) MINISANTE B.C.R. 10000
631 NDAMIYAHIMANA Joël B.P. 03 GISENYI B.C.R. 10000
632 NDAMIYE J. Claude B.P. 479 KIGALI B.C.R. 100000
633 NDAMWIRINGIYE J. Désiré B.P. 380 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
634 NDANGALI Christophe B.P. 624 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
635 NDANGIZA Aphrodis B.P. 117 KIGALI B.C.R. 3000
636 NDANGIZA Aphrodis B.P. 27 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
637 NDARIRWANYE Juvénal B.P. 531 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
638 NDATURANIWE Ildephonse B.P. 718 KIGALI B.C.R. 20000
639 NDAYAMBAJE André B.P. 423 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
640 NDAYISENGA P. _ B.C.R. 10000
641 NDAYISENGA Paul B.P. 21 CYANGUGU B.C.R. 10000
642 NDAYISENGA Théogène B.P. 05 RAMBURA B.C.R. 5000
643 NDAYISHIMIYE Aloys B.P. 24 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
644 NDAZIBONEYE Charles BK 5000
645 NDAZIGARUYE Cyprien B.P. 1909 KIGALI B.C.R. 10000
646 NDENGEJEHO Bernard B.P. 24 KIGALI B.C.R. 10000
647 NDENGEJEHO Bernard B.P. 24 KIGALI B.C.R. 10000
648 NDENGEYE Jean B.P. 302 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
649 NDEREYEHE NTAHONTUYE _ B.C.R. 10000
650 NDEZE J. Damien RAMBURA – KARAGO B.C.R. 5000
651 NDIANA LINDA B. B.P. 179 KIGALI BACAR 10000
652 NDIBESHYE Papias BK 5000
653 NDIKUBWAYO Phocas B.P. 24 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
654 NDIMUBANZI Emmanuel B.P. 1139 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
655 NDIMUBANZI Etienne RUHENGERI B.C.R. 5000
656 NDISEBUYE J.de la Croix B.P. 177 GISENYI B.C.R. 5000
657 NDISEKA Alphonse B.P. 774 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
658 NDUWALIYA Consolée Foyer de Charité B.C.R. 5000
659 NDUWAMUNGU Pérpétue KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
660 NDUWAYEZU J. Népomuscène B.P. 914 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
661 NDUWAYEZU J.Damascène B.P. 1779 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
662 NDUWIMANA Froduald B.P. 33 KIBUNGO B.C.R. 5000
663 NERETSE Emmanuel B.P. 2077 KIGALI BACAR 25000
664 NEREYE Frédéric B.P. 178 GISENYI B.C.R. 5000
665 NGABONZIZA Aloys B.P. 326 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
666 NGABOYISONGA A. BK 5000
667 NGANGO BK 5000
668 NGARAGURA Emmanuel B.P. _ B.C.R. 10000
669 NGARAMBE Faustin B.P. 144 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
670 NGARAMBE J. Léonard KABAYA – GISENYI B.C.R. 5000
671 NGARUKIYE Thaddée MINITRAPE B.C.R. 10000
672 NGAYINTERANYA Jean B.P. 2418 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
673 NGENDAHIMANA Aloys C/O MININTER B.C.R. 5000
674 NGENDAHIMANA Claver _ B.C.R. 10000
675 NGENDAHIMANA Jérôme B.P. 359 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
676 NGERAGEZE Bonaventure MINITRAPE BACAR 5000
677 NGERAGEZE Picos B.P. 159 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
678 NGERERO Dominique B.C.R. 5000
679 NGILIMANA Alexandre B.P. 718 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
680 NGILIYISHANGA Simon C/O NAHIMANA Ferd. B.C.R. 10000
681 NGIRABATWARE Augustin MINIPLAN BACAR 100000
682 NGIRABATWARE P.C. _ B.C.R. 5000
683 NGIRABATWARE V. BK 10000
684 NGIRAMAHIRWA Innocent B.P. 741 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
685 NGIRUMPATSE E. BK 5000
686 NGIRUMPATSE Mathieu C/O MRND B.C.R. 5000
687 NGIRUMPATSE Noël Kanombe-KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
688 NGIRUWONSANGA N. B.P. 211 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
689 NGIRWANABAGABO Emmanuel B.P. 83 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
690 NGORORABANGA Léonidas B.P. 302 KIGALI BACAR 20000
691 NGUMIRE Didace C/O U.T. GISAKURA B.C.R. 5000
692 NIBARAME J. Paul B.P. 537 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
693 NIKOBAHOZE Gaspard B.P. 85 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
694 NIKOBASANZWE Gérard B.P. 206 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
695 NIMWABO Louis B.P. 426 GISENYI B.C.R. 10000
696 NIRAGIRE Jean B.P. 15 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
697 NIRWORUHANGO Anastase B.P. 24 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
698 NISHYIREMBERE Vital B.P. 179 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
699 NIYIBIZI Alphonse B.P. 24 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
700 NIYIBIZI Célestin B.P. 302 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
701 NIYIBIZI Charles _ B.C.R. 25000
702 NIYIBIZI Désiré B.P. 84 KIGALI BACAR 5000
703 NIYIBIZI Faustin B.P. 15 KIBUNGO B.C.R. 5000
704 NIYIBIZI Isaac B.P. 354 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
705 NIYIBIZI John B.P. 73 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
706 NIYIBIZI Léonard B.P. 11 RAMBURA B.C.R. 5000
707 NIYIBIZI MANIRABARUTA G. B.P. 73 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
708 NIYIRORA Evariste MUDASOMWA B.C.R. 5000
709 NIYITEGEKA Tharcisse B.P. 49 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
710 NIYOMUGABO Antoine B.P. 359 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
711 NIYOMVOMA Juvénal B.P. 1510 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
712 NIYONDERERA Léonidas B.P. 101 KIGALI BACAR 5000
713 NIYONSABA Thaddée P.S. Shira B.C.R. 5000
714 NIYONSHOBORA Faustin MUVUMBA – BYUMBA B.C.R. 5000
715 NIYONTEZE Edouard B.P. 83 KIGALI BACAR 5000
716 NIYONZIGIRA BK 5000
717 NIYONZIMA Enéas B.P. 940 KIGALI BACAR 20000
718 NIYONZIMA Jean de Dieu B.P. 380 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
719 NIYONZIMA Laurent B.P. 373 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
720 NIYONZIMA Marthe B.P. 1035 KIGALI BACAR 5000
721 NIYONZIMA V. BK 5000
722 NIZEYIMANA Alphonse B.P. 85 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
723 NIZEYIMANA Alphonse B.P. 85 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
724 NIZEYIMANA Anastase B.P. 432 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
725 NIZEYIMANA Félicien B.P. 55 KIGALI B.C.R. 10000
726 NJUNIRWE Edouard BACAR 10000
727 NKAMIRABANGA Anselme Kayove-GISENYI B.C.R. 5000
728 NKAZAMUREGO Oswald B.C.R. 5000
729 NKERAMUGABA Ephrem KIBALI – BYUMBA B.C.R. 5000
730 NKIKO Faustin _ B.C.R. 5000
731 NKILIYEHE Chrisologue BK 5000
732 NKINAMUBANZI J. Baptiste B.P. 40 KABAYA B.C.R. 5000
733 NKIRAMUBANZI P.Célestin B.P. 01 KABAYA B.C.R. 5000
734 NKIZIMIHIGO Protogène Commune KARAGO B.C.R. 5000
735 NKULIKIYINKA Joseph SONARWA BK 5000
736 NKULIYINGOMA John W. ELECTROGAZ B.C.R. 5000
737 NKULIYINGOMA Paul B.P. 13,,,, KIGALI B.C.R. 20000
738 NKULIYURWANDA Tharcisse B.P. 85 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
739 NKUNDABATWARE Venant KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
740 NKUNDABAZUNGU A. BK 5000
741 NKUNDAKOZERA A. BK 5000
742 NKUNDANYIRAZO Boniface B.P. 498 ESM B.C.R. 5000
743 NKUNZUWIMYE Livin B.P. 1347 KIGALI B.C.R. 15000
744 NKUNZUWIMYE Livin C/O IMPRISCO B.C.R. 5000
745 NKUNZUWITEZE Fidèle B.P. 53 BYUMBA B.C.R. 5000
746 NKURUNZIZA Damien CARITAS-RWANDA B.C.R. 5000
747 NKURUNZIZA Emmanuel NYAMAGABE B.C.R. 5000
748 NKURUNZIZA Faustin B.P. 73 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
749 NKURUNZIZA Ladislas B.P. 338 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
750 NKURUNZIZA Samuel B.P. 24 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
751 NSABIMANA BK 5000
752 NSABIMANA Athanasie B.P. 378 KIGALI BACAR 10000
753 NSABIMANA Bernardin B.P. 15 MUKINGO B.C.R. 5000
754 NSABIMANA Bonaventure KIGALI B.C.R. 10000
755 NSABIMANA D. BK 5000
756 NSABIMANA Déogratias B.P. 2038 KIGALI B.C.R. 10000
757 NSABIMANA Joël B.P. 1035 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
758 NSABIMANA Josué Oswald B.P. 1055 KIGALI B.C.R. 10000
759 NSABIMANA Mathias B.P. 359 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
760 NSABIMANA MUNYAMPETA B.P. 446 KIGALI B.C.R. 10000
761 NSABIMANA Simon B.P. 85 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
762 NSABIMANA St. B.P. 1618 KIGALI BACAR 10000
763 NSABIMANA Vianney B.P. 1341 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
764 NSANZABAGANWA W. _ B.C.R. 10000
765 NSANZIMANA Innocent B.P. 53 GIKONGORO B.C.R. 5000
766 NSANZINEZA Augustin ORINFOR B.C.R. 5000
767 NSANZUBUHORO BK 5000
768 NSANZUMUHIRE A. BK 20000
769 NSANZUMUHIRE Athanase B.P. 531 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
770 NSANZUMUHIRE Théogène B.P. 83 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
771 NSEKARENZE Augustin B.P. 1415 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
772 NSEKUYE A, _ B.C.R. 10000
773 NSEKUYE Ladislas B.P. 82 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
774 NSENGAMUNGU B. KIGALI BACAR 5000
775 NSENGAMUNGU Bernardin B.P. 85 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
776 NSENGIMANA Azari B.P. 718 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
777 NSENGIMANA Félicien B.P. 4 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
778 NSENGIMANA Gaspard MINITRAPE B.C.R. 5000
779 NSENGIMANA Léonard B.P. 1153 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
780 NSENGIMANA Mathias B.P. 19 CYANGUGU B.C.R. 10000
781 NSENGIMANA Vincent B.P. 85 KIGALI B.C.R. 25000
782 NSENGIRORA Florien B.P. 531 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
783 NSENGIYAREMYE Théodomir B.P. 1979 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
784 NSENGIYUMVA BK 10000
785 NSENGIYUMVA BK 5000
786 NSENGIYUMVA Adiel B.P. 124 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
787 NSENGIYUMVA Anatole (Lt. Col.) Ops GISENYI B.C.R. 50000
788 NSENGIYUMVA B.S. (Famille) B.P. 1874 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
789 NSENGIYUMVA Etienne Armée Rwandaise B.C.R. 5000
790 NSENGIYUMVA Evariste B.P. 101 GISENYI B.C.R. 5000
791 NSENGIYUMVA Fidèle BK 5000
792 NSENGIYUMVA François B.P. 380 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
793 NSENGIYUMVA Isidore B.P. 83 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
794 NSENGIYUMVA Israël B.P. 53 GIKONGORO B.C.R. 5000
795 NSENGIYUMVA James B.P.24 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
796 NSENGIYUMVA Jean B.P. 1483 KIGALI B.C.R. 10000
797 NSENGIYUMVA Schadrack B.P. ,,,,,,, KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
798 NSENGIYUMVA Sylvain B.P. 440 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
799 NSENGIYUMVA Sylvestre MIJEUMA B.C.R. 5000
800 NSENGIYUMVA V. BK 15000
801 NSENGIYUMVA Vincent B.P. 498 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
802 NSENGUMUREMYI Ferdinand B.P. 534 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
803 NSENGUMUREMYI Isaïe B.P. 47 CYANGUGU B.C.R. 10000
804 NSEWANYUMVA J. Polycarpe B.P. 175 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
805 NSHIMIYIMANA Alphonse BK 5152
806 NSHIMIYIMANA BUZAZI Janvier B.P. 67 KIBUNGO B.C.R. 10000
807 NSHIMIYIMANA P. Damien _ B.C.R. 5000
808 NSHIMYIMANA Joces B.P. 1055 KIGALI B.C.R. 10000
809 NSHIMYUMUREMYI Jean Pierre ORINFOR CRI B.C.R. 5000
810 NSHIZIRUNGU Lasare B.P. 85 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
811 NSHIZIRUNGU Yves B.P. 338 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
812 NSHOGOZABAHIZI BK 5000
813 NTABADAHIGA Thomas KAMEMBE-CYANGUGU B.C.R. 5000
814 NTABAKUZE Aloys C.C. MAYUYA B.C.R. 5000
815 NTABYERA François B.P. 1055 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
816 NTAGANDA Donatien B.P. 37 BYUMBA B.C.R. 5000
817 NTAGERURA André B.P. – B.C.R. 50000
818 NTAHOBARI Maurice KIGALI BACAR 25000
819 NTAKARAKORWA Barthelemy B.P. 87 KIGALI BACAR 5000
820 NTAMAGEZO Félicien B.P. 808 KIGALI BACAR 20000
821 NTAMAGEZO Gérard B.P. 85 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
822 NTAMAHEREZO Jonas MUTURA – GISENYI B.C.R. 5000
823 NTAMARAMIRO Sylvestre B.C.R. 5000
824 NTAMASHAKIRO Théophile IP RUSUMO B.C.R. 5000
825 NTAMAZEZE Louis B.P. 37 KIBUNGO B.C.R. 5000
826 NTAMBIYE Sylvère C/O MINADEF B.C.R. 5000
827 NTAMUHANGA Samuel B.P. 531 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
828 NTAMUKUNZI Thomas MUKINGO – RUHENGERI B.C.R. 5000
829 NTAMUMARO J. Gabriel B.P. 179 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
830 NTANTURO Thaddée (S/Lt) MINADEF B.C.R. 5000
831 NTARE Gilbert _ B.C.R. 5000
832 NTAWANGWANABOSE J.M.V. B.P. 12 NYAMATA B.C.R. 5000
833 NTAWANGWANABOSE Théogène B.P. 2711 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
834 NTAWERA Jean Apollinaire B.P. 537 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
835 NTAWIZERA BK 5000
836 NTAWUGAYURWE Joseph B.P. 610 KIGALI B.C.R. 10000
837 NTAWUKIRUWE Cyprien U.T. KITABI B.C.R. 5000
838 NTAWULIKURA Froduald _ B.C.R. 5000
839 NTAWUMENYUMUNSI Daniel B.P. 981 KIGALI B.C.R. 20000
840 NTAWUMENYUMUNSI Daniel PETRORWANDA B.C.R. 30000
841 NTAWUNGUKA Pacifique B.P. 85 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
842 NTAWURUHUNGA Gabriel ELECTROGAZ-DIRECT. B.C.R. 20000
843 NTAWUYIRUSHINTEGE Michel B.P. 85 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
844 NTENGAYIRE Bibiane B.P. 146 KIGALI B.C.R. 15000
845 NTETURUYE BK 5000
846 NTETURUYE Paul C.S. RAMBURA B.C.R. 5000
847 NTEZIKI Juvénal B.P. 1469 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
848 NTEZIMANA Fidèle AIR RWANDA, B.P. 808 B.C.R. 5000
849 NTEZIRYAYO S. BCR-KIGALI B.C.R. 30000
850 NTEZIYAREMYE Augustin BK 5000
851 NTIBAKUNZE Gaspard (S/Lt) B.P. 85 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
852 NTIBIMENYA Sixbert B.P. 12 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
853 NTIGASUBIZWA J. BK 5000
854 NTIHABOSE Sother B.P. 23 KGL-Ruheng. B.C.R. 5000
855 NTILIVAMUNDA Alphonse _ BACAR 500000
856 NTIRANDEKURA Alias _ B.C.R. 5000
857 NTIRIHEZWA Paul CND BACAR 5000
858 NTIRIHORA Augustin C.C. MAYUYA B.C.R. 5000
859 NTIRIKWENDERA K. Simon _ B.C.R. 5000
860 NTIRUGIRIBAMBE B.P. 359 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
861 NTIZIHABOSE Aaron B.P. 85 KIGALI B.C.R. 10000
862 NTONDO Apollinaire _ BACAR 3500
863 NTUNDA Moise B.P. 1049 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
864 NTURANYENABO Donat Rambura-GISENYI B.C.R. 20000
865 NTURANYI P. BK 5000
866 NUBAHA Faustin (Dr) _ B.C.R. 10000
867 NUNGUTSIKI J. Bernard BK 5000
868 NYABAKENKE J. Bosco BACAR 5000
869 NYABIBONA Cyprien B.P. 15 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
870 NYABUSORE J.Baptiste ISAE BUSOGO B.C.R. 40000
871 NYAGASAZA Mathias GISENYI BACAR 5000
872 NYAGATARE Diogène B.C.R. B.C.R. 5000
873 NYAMVURA Perpétue _ BACAR 75000
874 NYANDWI Josée B.P. 489 KIGALI B.C.R. 10000
875 NYILIMBIBI Elie B.P. 1469 KIGALI B.C.R. 10000
876 NYILIMBIBI J.M.V. B.P. 1469 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
877 NYILIMPETA Pascal B.P. 380 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
878 NYILINGABO Pierre C/O Ponts et Chaussées B.C.R. 5000
879 NYILINKWAYA Alexis KABUYE-RUTONGO-K. B.C.R. 5000
880 NYIRABAHUFITE Cathérine B.P. 352 KIGALI BACAR 10000
881 NYIRABAHUTU BK 5000
882 NYIRABARERA Lucie B.P. 175 GISENYI B.C.R. 5000
883 NYIRABARITONDA Béatrice B.P. 210 GISENYI B.C.R. 5000
884 NYIRABAZUNGU Véronique U.T. KITABI B.C.R. 5000
885 NYIRABIZEYIMANA Immaculée CND BACAR 15000
886 NYIRAKAMONDO BK 5000
887 NYIRAMAHORO Annonciata B.C.R. 20000
888 NYIRAMARIZA Espérance B.P. 902 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
889 NYIRAMASUHUKO Pauline KIGALI BACAR 5000
890 NYIRAMATAMA Vénantie B.P. 380 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
891 NYIRAMPFAKARAMYE Christine B.P. 270 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
892 NYIRANDAGIJIMANA Daphrose B.P. 50 GISENYI B.C.R. 5000
893 NYIRANDAGIJIMANA Rose M. B.P. 338 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
894 NYIRANDEGEYA MWAMINI Esp. AIR RWANDA-KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
895 NYIRANGIRIMANA Suzanne B.P. 101 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
896 NYIRARUGENDO H. _ B.C.R. 50000
897 NYIRASHYOZA Irène B.P. 1971 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
898 NYIRIMANZI Thélesphore _ B.C.R. 5000
899 NZABAGERAGEZA Charles BK 50000
900 NZABAKULIKIZA Aminadabu B.P. 1016 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
901 NZABAKURANA Ignace _ B.C.R. 5000
902 NZABALINDA J. François B.P. 179 KIGALI BACAR 5000
903 NZABALINDA Louis B.P. 1066 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
904 NZABALIRWA S. BK 5000
905 NZABANDORA Célestin B.P. 24 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
906 NZABANDORA Pascal B.P. 24 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
907 NZABANDORA Tharcisse _ B.C.R. 5000
908 NZABANITA Dominique B.P. 537 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
909 NZABANITA Etienne B.P. 85 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
910 NZABANTERURA Claude B.P. 159 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
911 NZABONIMANA Etienne B.P. 28 KIBUNGO B.C.R. 5000
912 NZABONIMPA Abdulah B.P. 83 KIGALI BACAR 5000
913 NZABONIMPA Sébastien KAYENZI-GITARAMA B.C.R. 5000
914 NZABONIMPAYE Martin B.P. 182 CYANGUGU B.C.R. 5000
915 NZAGIRUKWAYO Casimir B.P. 537 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
916 NZAHABWANIMANA P. _ B.C.R. 5000
917 NZAKIZWA J.M.V. B.P. 21 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
918 NZAKUNDA Joseph B.P. 179 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
919 NZAMURAMBAHO J. Paul B.P. 442 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
920 NZAMUYE Epaphrodite _ B.C.R. 5000
921 NZARAMBA Phocas ELECTROBAZARS B.C.R. 5000
922 NZASANGA Sylvestre _ B.C.R. 50000
923 NZEYIMANA I. B.C.R. 5000
924 NZEYIMANA Louis (Dr) B.P. 905 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
925 NZEYIMANA P. Claver B.P. 1380 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
926 NZIBONERA Anastase B.P. 622 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
927 NZIGIHIMA Pontien B.C.R. 5000
928 NZIRORERA Eraste B.P. 354 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
929 NZIRORERA Joseph RUHENGERI BACAR 500000
930 NZOGIROSHYA Albert B.P. 380 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
931 PECO PECO BACAR 10000
932 POLEPOLE Bernard B.P. 24 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
933 RANGISABA Epimaque MINITRAPE B.C.R. 5000
934 REKAYO MUHIRE BK 5000
935 REKERAHO Dominique B.P. 887 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
936 REMERA Siméon CARAES BUTARE B.C.R. 5000
937 RENZAHO Tharcisse (Col.) PVK BACAR 10000
938 RUBAYITA Juvénal B.P. 380 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
939 RUBWEJANGA Tharcisse B.P. 49 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
940 RUCAGU Boniface B.P. 1400 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
941 RUCOGOZA Philippe B.P. 83 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
942 RUDAHUNGA Bénoît B.P. 2442 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
943 RUDODO Epaphrodite B.P. 537 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
944 RUFIFI Jean Népomuscène B.P. 1188 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
945 RUGAMBARARA Juvénal B.P. 352 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
946 RUGANGURA Emmanuel Secteur Rugenge BACAR 5000
947 RUGERUZA Léonard B.P. 380 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
948 RUGIRA Gaspard B.P. 2327 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
949 RUHUMULIZA Phénéas B.C.R. 5000
950 RUHUMURIZA Phénéas _ B.C.R. 45000
951 RUKABUKIRA J.I. BK 10000
952 RUKIRA Adrien B.P. 1164 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
953 RUMARIGABO Mohamud B.C.R. 5000
954 RUNYINYA BARABWIRIZA B.P. 15 KIGALI B.C.R. 20000
955 RURANGIRA Ernest _ B.C.R. 20000
956 RUSANGIZA Isaac BP. 898 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
957 RUSHEMEZA T. _ B.C.R. 10000
958 RUSIGI Alfred B.P. 359 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
959 RUTAGANDA Georges (groupe) B.P. 414 KIGALI B.C.R. 50000
960 RUTAHA Déogratias _ B.C.R. 5000
961 RUTAYISIRE Ernest B.P. 07 KIBUNGO B.C.R. 5000
962 RUTERAHAGUSHA Salomon B.P. 380 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
963 RUTESIYA Edouard B.P. 1122 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
964 RUTIKANGA Védaste KINYAMI – BYUMBA B.C.R. 5000
965 RUTIYOMBA Jovite B.P. 718 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
966 RUTSINGILI Alphonse RWERERE B.C.R. 5000
967 RUVUGUNDI R. B.C.R. 5000
968 RUZIBIZA NUWAYO Félicité UNR NYAKINAMA B.C.R. 5000
969 RUZIGAMANZI Welcome B.P. 537 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
970 RUZINDANA Augustin BUNEP B.C.R. 45000
971 RUZINDANA Augustin BUNEP B.C.R. 5000
972 RUZINDANA Charles B.P. 297 KIGALI B.C.R. 100000
973 RUZINDANA Thatien B.P. 18 KABAYA B.C.R. 5000
974 RWABALINDA Alfred B.P. 142 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
975 RWABUKUMBA Gaëtan B.P. 1413 KIGALI B.C.R. 10000
976 RWABUKUMBA Séraphin LA CENTRALE BACAR 500000
977 RWABUSISI Tharcisse B.P. 1313 KGIALI B.C.R. 5000
978 RWABUZISONI Faustin _ B.C.R. 10000
979 RWABUZISONI Faustin B.P. 236 KIGALI B.C.R. 10000
980 RWABUZISONI Faustin B.P. 236 KIGALI B.C.R. 45000
981 RWABUZISONI Jean de Dieu C.H.K. B.C.R. 5000
982 RWAGAFILITA J. Aurore _ B.C.R. 10000
983 RWAGAFIRITA P. Célestin B.P. 1170 KIGALI BACAR 50000
984 RWAGAHUTU Isaac B.P. 19 KIBUNGO B.C.R. 5000
985 RWAGATERA Faustin B.P. 925 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
986 RWAJEKARE Gaspard B.P. 85 KIGALI B.C.R. 10000
987 RWAJEKARE Jean Léonard B.P. 1669 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
988 RWAMAKUBA André (Dr.) B.P. 84 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
989 RWAMBUKA Fidèle B.P. 82 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
990 RWAMIGABO Epaphrodite BK 5000
991 RWAMUCYO Eugène B.P. 410 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
992 RWANGALINDE Thénas B.P. 104 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
993 RWASABAHIZI Mathias B.P. 23 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
994 RWASIBO B.P. 1483 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
995 RWASINE J.B. _ B.C.R. 20000
996 RWATORO Jean Baptiste Tribustance Kibungo B.C.R. 5000
997 RWEMERA BK 5000
998 RWIGEREZAHO François Xavier B.P. 146 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
999 RWIRANGIRA Charles C/O B.C.R. B.C.R. 100000
1000 RWUBAKA J. Damascène C/O B.P. 537 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
1001 SACOR (S.A.R.L.) B.P. 1380 KIGALI B.C.R. 100000
1002 SAFARI Elysé B.P. 13 BUTARE B.C.R. 5000
1003 SAGAHUTU Innocent Capitaine B.P. 85 KIGALI B.C.R. 20000
1004 SAGATWA Elie PRESIREP BACAR 100000
1005 SAHUNKUYE Jean B.P. 537 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
1006 SARUFIGI Damien MINEPRISEC B.C.R. 5000
1007 SEBAGANWA Dominique C/O MINADEF B.C.R. 5000
1008 SEBAGENI NKOKO Marc KARAGO GAKARARA B.C.R. 5000
1009 SEBAGENZA Bernard B.P. 621 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
1010 SEBAGUNZI Emmanuel B.P. 146 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
1011 SEBAHUTU Boniface B.P. 411 KIGALI B.C.R. 10000
1012 SEBANETSI BK 5000
1013 SEBAPIRA Laurent B.P. 1332 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
1014 SEBASHYI Wilson GITEGA-KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
1015 SEBAZUNGU BK 5000
1016 SEBAZUNGU Daniel MUKINGI – RUHENGERI B.C.R. 5000
1017 SEBIGEGA Théophile RUBAVU B.C.R. 10000
1018 SEBIGORI P. Célestin BK 5000
1019 SEBIKENYARI J. Damascène _ BACAR 5000
1020 SEBIRANDARYI Sebastien B.P. 40 KABAYA B.C.R. 5000
1021 SEBISHYIMBO Paulin U.T. KITABI B.C.R. 5000
1022 SEBUDIYO J. Paul B.P. 85 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
1023 SEBUHINJA Manassé BACAR 5000
1024 SEBUTIMBIRI Marc B.P. 353 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
1025 SEBUTUYENGE RUHARA A. KIGALI BACAR 5000
1026 SEMAGOLI Grégoire _ B.C.R. 5000
1027 SEMANA Em. Philbert B.P. 82 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
1028 SEMANZA Faustin B.P. 28 KIGALI B.C.R. 50000
1029 SEMANZA Laurent C/O NAHIMANA Ferd. B.C.R. 25000
1030 SEMASAKA Faustin MININTER B.C.R. 5000
1031 SEMASUKA David B.P. 269 RWERERE B.C.R. 5000
1032 SEMIRYANGO Balthazar B.P. 24 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
1033 SENKERA P. BK 5000
1034 SENKWARE Célestin B.P. 441 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
1035 SENZIRA Innocent KARAGO-GISENYI B.C.R. 5000
1036 SERUGENDO Joseph KIGALI BACAR 50000
1037 SERUHENGERI Emmanuel B.P. 537 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
1038 SERUSHAGO B. Nestor ORINFOR BACAR 5000
1039 SERUSHYANA François B.P. 1332 KIGALI B.C.R. 10000
1040 SETAKO Ephrem (Lt.Col.) KIGALI B.C.R. 20000
1041 SETUZA Jean de Dieu B.P. 403 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
1042 SEZIBERA Benoît S/P Birambo B.C.R. 5000
1043 SEZIKEYE Athanase _ B.C.R. 5000
1044 SEZIRAHIGA Sylvestre B.P. 121 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
1045 SHEBA Marie Pierre B.P. 464 KIGALI BACAR 5000
1046 SHOMWA Léandre INTERFREIGHT B.C.R. 10000
1047 SHUMBUSHO Alexandre (Lt) Armée Rwandaise B.C.R. 5000
1048 SHYIRAMBERE Bernardin B.P. 1970 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
1049 SHYIRAMBERE Innocent AIR RWANDA B.C.R. 5000
1050 SIBOMANA André B.P. 104 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
1051 SIBOMANA B. BK 5000
1052 SIBOMANA Eraste B.P. 68 RUHANGO B.C.R. 5000
1053 SIBOMANA Flavien B.P. 1582 KIGALI B.C.R. 10000
1054 SIBOMANA J. David B.P. 938 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
1055 SIBOMANA Jonathan B.P. 1575 BACAR 5000
1056 SIBOMANA Ladislas BCR KIBUNGO B.C.R. 20000
1057 SIBOMANA NABANTU MINITRAPE BACAR 5000
1058 SIBOMANA Sebastien Tribinstance KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
1059 SIKUBWABO Grégoire B.P. 342 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
1060 SIMBA Robert BK 10000
1061 SIMBIKANGWA Pascal (Capt) B.P. 125 KIGALI B.C.R. 100000
1062 SIMBIYOBEWE Gaspard B.P. 537 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
1063 SIMBIZI Pierre _ B.C.R. 5000
1064 SIMBIZI Stanislas MINITRANSCO BACAR 25000
1065 SIMEM B.C.R. 25000
1066 SIMPAKANYE J. C/O B.P. 24 KIGALI B.C.R. 10000
1067 SIMPUNGA Damien B.P. 108 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
1068 SINAMENYE Gervais B.P. 446 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
1069 SINANGABATWARE Joseph B.P. 38 CYANGUGU B.C.R. 20000
1070 SINAYOBYE Sylvestre B.P. 38 CYANGUGU B.C.R. 20000
1071 SINDAMBIWE David B.P. 54 BYUMBA B.C.R. 5000
1072 SINDIBUZE J. Baptiste B.P. 21 BYUMBA B.C.R. 5000
1073 SINGAYE SAKUBU Fabien GISENYI BACAR 20000
1074 SINGIRANKABO Claudien C.C. MAYUYA B.C.R. 5000
1075 SINIYOBEWE Marc B.P. 446 KIGALI B.C.R. 10000
1076 SIRADJI Hassan B.P. 594 KIGALI B.C.R. 10000
1077 TEGERA Jean BK 5000
1078 TERERAHO BK 10000
1079 TULIKUNKIKO David _ B.C.R. 5000
1080 TULIKUNKIKO Michel OCIR – CAFE B.C.R. 5000
1081 TULIMUMUKIZA Marc B.P. 537 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
1082 TUNGIRAYO Sylvestre B.P. 24 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
1083 TURIMUBANZI BK 5000
1084 TUYISHIME J. Baptiste B.P. 2442 KIGALI B.C.R. 10000
1085 TUYIZERE BK 5000
1086 TWAGIRAMUNGU Thomas KIGALI BACAR 20000
1087 TWAGIRAYEZU Titien B.P. 125 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
1088 TWAGIRAYEZU Urbain BACAR BACAR 5000
1089 TWAHIRWA BK 5000
1090 TWAHIRWA Aloys B.P. _ B.C.R. 5000
1091 TWAHIRWA Hassan B.P. 380 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
1092 TWAHIRWA Jean de Dieu B.C.R.-KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
1093 TWARABANYE Téoneste B.P. 40 KABAYA B.C.R. 5000
1094 TWARABIMYE Pater Montréal CANADA BACAR 10000
1095 UFITINSHUTI Jean d’Amour Maïserie-MUKAMIRA B.C.R. 5000
1096 UGIRABINO Frédéric C/O BAMENYAYABO Aug, B.C.R. 5000
1097 UGIRASHEBUJA Justin B.P. 15 KIBUNGO B.C.R. 5000
1098 UHAGAZE KOPE Dominique B.P. 6 BYUMBA B.C.R. 5000
1099 UKOBIZABA Martin B.P. AMBARWA Paris BACAR 5000
1100 UKUZWEMWABO J.F. BK 5000
1101 UMUHOZA Robert B.P. 338 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
1102 USABUWERA Rose _ B.C.R. 10000
1103 UTUZURUNDI J.B. B.C.R. -KIGALI B.C.R. 10000
1104 UWAMALIYA Thérèse BK 5000
1105 UWAMALIYA Yolande B.P. 15 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
1106 UWAMBAZAMARIYA Marie _ B.C.R. 5000
1107 UWAMUNGU Antoine B.P. 85 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
1108 UWANYILIJURU Gabriel B.P. 146 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
1109 UWASE INA Marie Ange B.P. 464 KIGALI BACAR 5000
1110 UWAYEZU Consolée C/O KWITONDA Th. BNR B.C.R. 5000
1111 UWAYEZU Dative B.P. 2399 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
1112 UWIMANA Aloys C/O Jeune AFRIQUE B.C.R. 50000
1113 UWIMANA Alphonse B.P. 1361 KIGALI B.C.R. 15000
1114 UWIMANA Javan Gatonde Rhgri B.C.R. 5000
1115 UWIMANA Jean de Dieu AIR RWANDA B.C.R. 10000
1116 UWIMANA Marie Louise B.P. 85 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
1117 UWIMANA Pierre Claver B.P. 260 GISENYI B.C.R. 5000
1118 UWIMANA Théoneste B.P. 1164 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
1119 UWIMBABAZI M. Gloria B.P. 464 KIGALI BACAR 5000
1120 UWIMBABAZI Scholastique B.P. 04 RWAMAGANA B.C.R. 5000
1121 UWIMFUNWE M. Louise IMPRISCO B.C.R. 5000
1122 UWIRAGIYE P. Canisus B.P. 13,,,, KIGALI B.C.R. 10000
1123 UWITONZE Marie RUBUNGO-KIGALI BACAR 5000
1124 UWIZEYE MAPENDANO Aimable B.P. 550 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
1125 UWIZEYIMANA Epiphanie B.P. 380 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
1126 UZABAKIRIHO Vincent B.P. 57 BYUMBA B.C.R. 5000
1127 UZAMUKUNDA Béatrice B.P. 82 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
1128 UZAMUKUNDA Immaculée ELECTROGAZ BACAR 5000
1129 UZARAMA Jérémie Tél. 83220 B.C.R. 20000
1130 VATILI J. Berchmans B.P. 531 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
1131 VUGUZIGA Ladislas B.P. 85 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
1132 WAMBAJIMANA François BUTARE B.C.R. 5000
1133 ZAMU Denis B.P. 2280 KIGALI B.C.R. 35000
1134 ZIKAMABAHALI Faustin B.P. 1164 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
1135 ZIRARORA Félix B.P. 179 KIGALI B.C.R. 5000
1136 ZIRIMWABAGABO J.Baptiste Camp KIGALI B.C.R. 5000

Na: Ndahiro Tom

Mu minsi itarenze itatu, uwitwa Ingabire Victoire Umuhoza (IVUmuhoza) araba amaze umwaka afunguwe ku mbabazi za Perezida w’u Rwanda, Paul Kagame. Muri uwo mwaka amaze afunguwe, agahabwa imbabazi zo kugabanyirizwa uburebure bw’igifungo ho imyaka irindwi, biragaragara ko urwishe ya nka rukiyirimo.

Nyuma y’amezi hafi icumi afunguwe, ndetse maze kwitegereza bihagije imyitwarire ye muri icyo gihe, nanditse inyandiko ishingira kubye, mvuga ko “Abakwiza ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside bakwiye akato.”

Ibyo nabivuze ngereranya ububi bw’ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside n’indwara ya Ebola, nkerekana ko iyo ndwara yica bake ugereranyije n’ubukana bwa Jenoside yishe Abatutsi barenga miliyoni mu mezi atatu gusa.

Agifungurwa, IVUmuhoza yasohotse muri Gereza asohokanye ubukana bw’ingengabitekerezo kirimbuzi nkuko yinjiyemo. Kuwa 24 Nzeri 2018, amaze iminsi icumi afunguwe nanditse inyandiko igaragaza ko IVUmuhoza atari umunyapolitiki ahubwo ari umugore w’umugome, kandi n’ikivugwa ko ayobora cyitwa FDU-Inkingi ikwiye gucibwa vuba.

Mbere y’aho, ku wa 20 Nzeri 2018, nari nanditse indi ngaragaza ko kumwemerera gukora Politiki Imurimo mu Rwanda, ari uguhembera Jenoside. Muri iyo nyandiko navuzemo ibiganiro yari yaragiranye n’ibitangazamakuru bitandukanye harimo n’icy’uwo mutwe wa FDU-Inkingi ayoborera aho ari hose.

Icyo kiganiro cya radiyo ye nashyizemo agace gato kacyo, ubu nkaba ngishyizemo cyose. Ni ikiganiro yagiranye n’umucengezamatwara ya Jenoside witwa Gaspar Musabyimana.

Dore uko cyagenze:

Musabyimana Gaspard: Presidente Victoire Ingabire ndagusuhuje ni Musabyimana Gaspard kuri Radio Inkingi.

Victoire Ingabire: Muraho murakomeye!

Musabyimana Gaspard: Komera komera ni wowe wakomera, ni wowe wabona ukomera.

Victoire Ingabire: Jye nta kibazo mfite uko ninjiyemo niko nsohotse imbaraga zanjye zicyari za zindi. Gereza burya itera ikibazo uwayigiyemo atazi impamvu agiyemo ariko iyo umuntu agiyemo azi impamvu agiyemo nta kibazo imutera.

Musabyimana Gaspard: Yeee! Urumva abarwanashyaka bakomeje kumbaza bati “wowe kuri Radio Inkingi, umunyamakuru tubarize mu Rwanda niba Victoire Ingabire koko yosohotse akaba yageze mu rugo”, ubu rero nagira ngo ubahumurize.

Victoire Ingabire: Oya bahumure rwose ubu ndi mu rugo, nakiriwe n’abarwanashyaka b’ishyaka ryacu baturutse hirya no hino mu turere tunyuranye tw’igihugu, bari hano baje kunyakira. Babo rero abo barwanyashyaka bacu mwese muri hanze ndabasuhuje kandi ngira ngo mbashimire bikomeye cyane, mbashimire, ubwo mvuga nti “imbaraga ninjiranye n’izo nsohokanye nzikesha mwebwe kuko mwambaye bugufi uko mushoboye kose, imbaraga zanjye nazikuye muri mwebwe.

Musabyimana Gaspard: Yeee urakoze ariko se kuvuga ko ari ugutaruka, iyo nkuru yo kugira ngo bagufungure, tubwire ukuntu byakugezeho, uko wabyakiriye?

Victoire Ingabire: Byabaye inkuru yantunguye cyane kuko nayimenye mu ma saa yine z’ijoro, mu ma saa tanu mu by’ukuri nibwo nayumvishije. Nari naryamye, jyewe numva abandi bafungwa basakuje cyane! Twebwe aho nari mfungiye na Diane, ntabwo twarebaga hagati y’abandi, twumva bashakuje rero ariko buri wese afite n’icyumba cye, noneho numvise bashakuje ngira ngo n’ikindi kibazo ariko nyuma numva bavuga bati buri muntu niyumve Radio, mpita nanjye mfungura Radio mpita nkubitana n’itangazo ry’abaminisitiri rivuga ko nyine mu bantu bafunguwe nanjye ndimo. Murabona mu myaka umunani nari maze muri gereza, ni ubwa mbere hafungurwa umubare munini cyane w’abantu 2100 ni benshi.

Musabyimana Gaspard: Bafunguye abantu 2100?

Victoire Ingabire: Yeee bafunguye abantu 2100.

Musabyimana Gaspard: Muri abo ngabo harimo abandi bafunzwe kubera ibya politike?

Victoire Ingabire: Oya, nta wundi wari urimo. Ni yo mpamvu nizera ko ubwo bakoze intambwe ya mbere yo kumfungura na bagenzi bacu, murabizi ko abarwanashyaka bacu bandi ndetse na Visi-perezida wa mbere n’umubitsi n’umunyamabanga mukuru bose barimo. Nari niteguye ko nk’umunyamabanga mukuru yashoboye kuba arimo ariko ntawatugezeho ubwo ni ukuvuga ko nawe akirimo, agifunze. Ni ukuvuga ko nta bandi bafunguwe.

Musabyimana Gaspard: Yeee! Ariko twabonye amakuru yacicikanye cyane cyane nasomye nk’ikinyamakuru cy’aho mu Rwanda cyavugaga ibyawe na Kizito Mihigo, gisa n’aho kivuga ko mwasabye imbabazi Perezida wa Repubulika kugira ngo abafungure.

Victoire Ingabire: Ahaha (aseka)! Ariko abo wenda ni uko batazi amategeko ariko nababwira ko Perezida wa Repubulika afite ububasha ahabwa n’itegeko nshinga, afite ububasha ahabwa n’itegeko No 30 – 2013 rirebana n’imiburanishirize (Code Procedure Penal) mu Kinyarwanda ndumva ntabona uko nabivuga. Harimo ingingo zose zimuha ububasha bwo kuba yafungura umufungwa uwo ariwe wese, cyane iyo barebye ko umuntu yitwaye neza. Ngira ngo rero mwese musanzwe munzi ndi “Disciplinée”, mfite discipline, ntawe nigeze ndwana nawe, ntawe nigeze ngira nte, ku buryo mu by’ukuri basangaga kumfunga nta mpamvu n’imwe ihari.

Musabyimana Gaspard: Iyo myaka umunani umazemo se wayibayemo ute? Mbese kugira ngo umuntu amare imyaka umunani ari muri prison, abarwanashyaka wababwira ko umuntu aba ameze ate?

Victoire Ingabire: Ni ibintu bitoroshye niko nakubwiye, ugiyemo utazi impamvu ugiyemo ntabwo byakorohera kuko nabonaga benshi byagoraga ugasanga barwana cyangwa bagira gute, ariko nkanjye nagiyemo nzi ko ngiyemo ku mpamvu za politike. N’igihe nahagurukaga mu Buholandi mu byo natekerezaga bishobora kumbaho ni uko natekerezaga ko no kuba nafungwa byashoboraga kumbaho, bimbayeho rero ntabwo byantunguye, nta n’ikibazo byanteye, ni ukuvuga ko nari nariyakiriye.

Navuga ko icyangoye cya mbere ni imyaka itanu ya mbere, imyaka itanu ya mbere nabaga ahantu ha njyenyine, nta muntu mvugana nawe umunsi wose, nsa nkaho, mu gifaransa ibyo bita “Isolement”. Donc n’abantu bansura baransuraga ariko urumva natangiye nsurwa n’abarwanashyaka benshi bakaza ari ikivunge, bigera aho barabagabanya umubare bati “ntidushaka abantu benshi, dushaka batanu.” Bigera aho barabagabanya basigarana umwe, n’umwe basigara ntawe ukibaho.

Ubu ni ukuri, mfunguwe nta bantu mu by’ukuri bari bakingeraho ariko kuba nkuko nabivugaga nzi ko mwabaga muhari n’ubwo ntabangeragaho. Ariko kuba nari nzi ko muhari, muri inyuma hari ibikorwa by’ishyaka bikorwa kuko hari ibikorwa byinshi by’ishyaka mwakoraga, haba hano mu gihugu no hanze, ibyo byose byampaga imbaraga zo kumva ko igikorwa twatangije mu gihugu cyacu gikomeje kitigeze gihagarara. Donc kumfunga ntacyo byagabanyije. Nari kugira ikibazo iyo njya kubona ko igikorwa twatangije hano mu Rwanda cyazimye ariko ntabwo cyazimye.

Cyarakomeje kubera ko mwe muri hanze mwagiteye imbaraga n’abari mu gihugu nabo, n’ubwo hari ibyo bibazo, ndafunzwe n’abandi nabo bagiye bafungwa, bagafungurwa, kuba harabaye izo mbaraga, iyo “synergie”, hagati yanyu muri hanze natwe turi mu gihugu byatumaga kuri jyewe numva…(ntiyujuje interuro). Kandi koko igikorwa cyarakomeje kuko n’ikimenyimenyi n’abarwanashyaka bari hano wenda baraza gufata amafoto baboherereze cyangwa wenda bayaboherereje ngisohoka muri gereza kuko bari baje kunyakira kuri gereza.

Kubona badufunga, bagira gute, ariko abantu bakaba bagihari, bagakomeza ntibagire ubwoba, icyo ni icyerekana ko mu by’ukuri igikorwa twatangije gihari, gikomeye, cyafashe imizi, ko ibyo bakora byose kidashobora gusenyuka. Hakaba rero ibyo byose byampaga imbaraga zo gukomeza kwihanganira ya myaka itanu nabayeho nsa nk’uwigunze.

Nyuma nagize igihe cyo kujya kuba muri rusange, kuva muri 2016, nabaye muri rusange, ngira ngo nagiye mpurirayo n’ibibazo rimwe na rimwe ndumva mwaragiye munabitangazaho, by’abantu wenda babona umuntu wo muri opposition bati “uyu ni umwanzi w’igihugu”. Hari ikintu cy’imyumvire itari myiza tugifite hano mu gihugu, abantu bakumva ko umuntu wo muri opposition, ari umwanzi. Ngatekereza ko nko mu cy’ingenzi ngiye gushyiramo imbaraga cyane ari ukumvisha abantu ko kutabona ibintu kimwe n’ubutegetsi, kutavuga ibintu kimwe n’ubutegetsi atari ukuba umwanzi w’igihugu ahubwo ari izindi mbaraga ziba zije abantu bagombye gufata abantu bagashyira hamwe, bakagira icyo bageraho. Kuko kuri jyewe nemera ko nta munyarwanda umwe cyangwa ishyaka rimwe rishobora kwiyemeza ko ariryo ryonyine ryashobora gukora ibintunganye mu gihugu. Ariko nemera ko Abanyarwanda twese dushyize hamwe, dushobora kubaka iguhugu cyacu mu buryo bwiza, kandi ngasanga ari nabwo buryo bwiza bwo gutegura urubyiruko rw’ejo hazaza.

Musabyimana Gaspard: Nakubajije icyo kibazo kubera ko FDU Inkingi yigeze gushyira itangazo hanze ivuga ko hari igihe bagufunganaga n’abantu bashaka kukwendereza cyangwa kukugirira nabi, bavuzemo umugore mwafunganywe, ndumva ari communiqué ya nyuma ahari, ibyo bintu nibyo navugaga nti “aha se mama wabicikaga ute?” Iyo umuntu nk’uwo yahageraga agatangira kukureba ikijisho wabigenzaga ute? Ni ibyo nagira ngo wenda abarwanashyaka… kuko bagiye basoma ayo matangazo, ubabwire uko wabyikuragamo?

Victoire Ingabire: Nibyo habaye ibibazo bikomeye. Ni ibyo nababwiraga by’abantu bazaga bakumva ko umuntu ari uwo muri opposition, bakumva bagomba kumubuza uburyo. Hari igihe rwose, ntekereza hagati y’umwezi kwa 11 kw’umwaka ushize kugeza mu kwezi kwa gatatu kw’uyu mwaka nari mu bibazo bikomeye cyane, mfite abantu bandwanya impande zo hirya no hino, bivanga. Byabaye ibintu birebire cyane ariko navuga ko byageze aho ubuyobozi bw’amagereza, buza kubona ko ari ikibazo, kuko natumye, byabaye ngombwa ko mfata Maitre Gatera ngo ajye kubwira umuyobozi mukuru w’amagereza mu Rwanda ko mfite ikibazo gikomeye, hanyuma ibyo birarangira.

Ariko mu gihe byari birangiye, muzi ko muri iyi minsi, ku itariki ya 30 z’ukwa gatandatu twimukiye i Mageragere, mu yindi gereza nshyashya ngari. Icyo gihe nabwo nari ahantu nari jyenyine ariko hari umuntu bari bahazanye twagombaga kubana. Ariko ahaza nyine ari umudamu ngo ufite abantu bakomeye, anshyiraho ibintu by’ibikabyo byinshi cyane byo gushaka kuntera ubwoba, no kuvuga ko ashobora kuzana abantu bakandasa. Ariko ku bw’amahirwe, haba hari ikibazo abafungwa ubwabo n’ubuyobozi bw’amagereza ubwabo butandukanya ibyo bibazo. Nk’aho ngaho ubuyobozi bw’amagereza nahise mbusaba ko mfite icyo kibazo, bukora ku buryo uwo mudamu buhita bumunkura iruhande ajya kuba ahandi.

Donc, ibibazo nabiterwaga kenshi n’abafungwa bamwe biyitiriraga ko ari abo mu ishyaka rya FPR, noneho bagashaka mu by’ukuri kugaragaza ko barimo bakorera ishyaka ariko mu by’ukuri nta nubwo n’iryo shyaka ryabaga ryabatumye. Nabiboneraga ku byemezo ubuyobozi bw’amagereza bwahitaga bufata, iyo abo bantu bashakaga kungirira nabi.

Musabyimana Gaspard: Nonese ubungubu baragufunguye, hagiye gukurikiraho iki?

Victoire Ingabire: Ikigiye gukurikiraho, ahantu ngiye gushyira imbaraga ni mu bintu bibiri: icya mbere ni ugukomeza guharanira ko bariya bagenzi bacu bafunzwe nabo bafungurwa, icya kabiri n’ubundi ni bwa butumwa n’ubundi mwari mwampaye bwo kuza kwandikisha ishyaka. Ariko kwandikisha ishyaka atari ukugira ngo tugwize umurongo w’amashyaka ahubwo ari uguharanira ko ishyaka ryacu ryandikwa amarembo ya politiki afunguye. Ni cyo cy’ingenzi, ni cyo ngiye kongera gushyiramo imbaraga n’abarwanashyaka bacu, ku buryo ntekereza ko nta kibazo bizatera ubutegetsi. Kuko ntekereza ko nabwo bubona ko gufungura amarembo, kureka hakaba imiyoboro myinshi yo gutanga ibitekerezo, aribwo buryo bwiza bwo gutegurira ejo hazaza urubyiruko rw’u Rwanda.

Musabyimana Gaspard: Yeee, nabonye umunyamakuru ashaka kongera kukubaza ibyerekeye ibitero waba warateguye, ngira ngo burya urya mu “procureur” wagushinje yanditse igitabo asa n’aho abishimangira ngo ko babonye impapuro ngo zerekana ko wari ufite ibintu by’igitero, ntacyo wamusubije ariko sinzi niba abarwanashyaka barebye ibyo bintu hari icyo wababwira?

Victoire Ingabire: Abarwanashyaka ba FDU Inkingi ngira ngo bazi principes z’ishyaka ryacu, bazi ko turi ishyaka ry’amahoro. Bazi ko tutemera ibintu byo kuzana intambara. Tuzi ko twemera ko urugamba bw’ibitekerezo ari rwo rugamba FDU yiyemeje. Ni narwo izanakomeza, ni narwo nzanakomeza, uriya we rero yabifashe kuriya, avuga kuriya kubera ko harimo benshi bakomeje kubifata gutyo ariko ntekereza ko ari ukudakurikira kuko ngira ngo hari Urukiko Nyafurika ruharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu, nk’ibyo byaha byo kuvuga ngo ibintu by’imitwe ya gisilikare, bavuze ko ibyo bintu bitigeze bibaho, kwabaye kwica amategeko. Kandi ikindi gikomeye ni uko, muribuka ko no mu gihe bandegaga, hari n’umutwe bari baranawuhaye n’izina bavuga ngo uwo mutwe ni uwa FDU ariko byarangiye bigaragara ko FDU nta mutwe wa gisirikare ifite, n’uwo mutwe ntawari uhari, ntawo bigeze bashobora kugaragaza.

Musabyimana Gaspard: Ndibuka n’abasikirakare bamwe ko bari bivuguruje bakavuga bati “ibyo by’imitwe ya gisilikare ntabyo tuzi” bageze mu bucamanza.

Victoire Ingabire: Tugeze mu bujurire abasilikare bamwe banavugaga ngo hari ibikorwa twafatanyije by’iterabwoba, bageze aho bakajya ahubwo bahindukira “procureur” bakamubaza bati “ibyo bitero, ibyo bikorwa uvuga twakoze ni ibihe?” Ahubwo igitangaje nyine ni uko uwo mu “procureur” wavugaga, Mukurarinda, atigeze nko mu gitabo cye nk’ibyo ngibyo abishyiramo, ngo agaragaze ko n’abo bantu mbere bari kumwe byageze aho bakamuhinduka, bakavuga bati “ibyo bikorwa mutubwira ntabyayeho” kandi koko nabo nta bikorwa bya gisilikare bigeze bashobora kugaragaraza ko nigeze njyamo cyangwa nigeze nkora ku gihugu cyacu kuko igihugu cyanjye ndagikunda. Hamenetsemo amaraso menshi ntabwo nifuza ko hari andi maraso yakongera kumeneka, cyane ko jyewe nemera yuko dukoresheje imbaraga z’ibitekerezo, tukageza ku  Banyarwanda gahunda za politiki zinyuranye, Abanyarwanda bagahabwa ubwisanzure mu gutanga ibitekerezo, utanze ibitekerezo akaba afite umutekano we usesuye, ntafungwe cyangwa ngo agire umuhutaza, ibyo bintu twakubaka u Rwanda rwacu mu mahoro rwose kandi birashoboka, kandi ndizera ko tuzabigeraho.

Musabyimana Gaspard: Yeeee reka tukureke uruhuke, kereka niba hari akajambo wabwira abatwumva.

Victoire Ingabire: Ni ukubasaba ko umurava wabaranze mu myaka ishize, n’ubundi ukomeza. Nababwira ko urugamba ariho rugitangira. Ni nkaho tugiye kurutangira, tugiye gukomeza. Najyaga nkunda kubwira abarwanashyaka bari hano mu gihugu ko niba duhinze tudatekereza ko tuzahita dusarura ako kanya. Ndagira ngo rero nsabe abarwanashyaka bacu ari abari mu gihugu ari abari hanze, kumva ko batagomba kurambirwa ngo bavuge ngo ibihe birarambiranye ariko bagomba kumenya ko icyo turimo gukora ni igikorwa cyiza turimo dutegurira igihugu cyacu, ni igikorwa gisaba ubwitange, ni igikorwa gisaba umurava, nkaba mbasaba gukomeza kugira umurava n’ubwitange kugira ngo tugere ku ngamba twiyemeje yo guha igihugu cyacu demokrasi isesuye iha buri wese umwanya we mu gihugu cyacu.

Musabyimana Gaspard: Yeee urakoze presidente!

Victoire Ingabire: Yego namwe murakoze!

Iki ni ikiganiro nibukije kugira ngo nzagihereho mbwira abantu, cyane abanyamakuru, ko guha IVUmuhoza ari ugutera inkunga ingengabitekerezo yicishije abarenga miliyoni mu Rwanda ikangaza benshi. Ni inyandiko ije ikurikira iyerekana abanyamigabane ba mbere ba RTLM kuko mu isesengura tuzakora bifitanye isano.

RTLM ni kimwe na Jenoside. RTLM ni yo FDU-Inkingi. Kuba hari abanyarwanda nka babiri bitandukanije nayo bakarwanya ingengabitekerezo yayo, ni iby’agaciro. Abo bayitaje bakaba ari bamwe mubafatanyije n’abandi kurwanya igwingira ry’imitekerereze n’imyumvire.

Na: Ndahiro Tom

Ku itariki ya 3 n’iya 4 Kanama 2019 nahamagawe n’abanyamakuru babiri, bakorera amaradiyo abiri atandukanye, bambaza ku bintu bibiri byerekerenye na Ingabire Victoire Umuhoza (IVUmuhoza).

Icya mbere cyari ku by’ikirego Maitre Gatera Gashabana yagejeje ku Rwego rw’Igihugu rw’Ubugenzacyaha (RIB) mu izina rya IVUmuhoza. Icya kabiri cyari ku nyandiko nari nanditse ngaragaza ko ingengabitekerezo ikwizwa n’abarimo IVUmuhoza ari mbi kurusha indwara ya Ebola.

Umunyamakuru wabanje ni uwa Radio BBC-Gahuzamiryango ntibuka izina rye, cyakora akaba yarampamagaye ari i Nairobi muri Kenya. Uyu yakurikiwe na Jean Claude Mulindahabi, uba mu Bubiligi agakorera radiyo yo kuri murandasi. Bombi bambazaga wumva baburanira IVUmuhoza urwa ndanze.

Mu kirego cyatanzwe ku itariki 21 Nyakanga, nkabibona ku mbuga nkoranyambaga gusa, abo banyamakuru nababwiye ko mubyo navuze kuri IVUmuhoza ntacyo mbeshya cyangwa mubeshyera kuko ntanga ibimenyetso. Kubijyanye no kugereranya ibitekerezo bye na Ebola, nababwiye ko ntigeze mvuga ko ari bimwe, ko ahubwo ingengabitekerezo ya FDU-Inkingi ari mbi kurusha indwara ya Ebola.

Iyo hari icyo mba mbeshya IVUmuhoza yari gukoresha uburenganzira bwo gusubiza, akavuga ibyo asanga abeshyerwa ariko ntabyo yakoze. Nanababwiye icyo ntekereza kuri kiriya kirego. Gushyira uwamamaza ingengabitekezo ya Jenoside n’uyirwanya ku rwego rumwe byakozwe mu rwego rwo kwishyira aheza adakwiye.

Abo banyamakuru bombi, byageze aho mu gihe cyo kumbaza nanjye nkababaza byinshi ku buryo Jean Claude Mulindahabi yarakaye akambwira ko ari we ufite kumbaza wenyine ntakwiye kumubaza.

Ibyo nababajije ni ibintu numva umunyamakuru wese aba akwiye kubaza umuntu nka IVUmuhoza. Kuko kutamubaza ibyo bibazo biba ari ukuba icyitso cyangwa umufatanyacyaha mu gukwiza ingengabitekerezo yoretse u Rwanda. Ikindi ni uko ibyo nababazaga ari n’ibintu bagombye kuba bazi. Ndanahamya ko bagomba kuba babizi ahubwo bakabyirengangiza nkana kubera guhuza n’uwo baburanira.

Narababajije nti: “ese kuvuga ko IVUmuhoza adakwiye kwemererwa gukora politiki, byitwa bite “kumusebya no kumutesha agaciro muri rubanda rwose”? Ni rubanda ruhe baba bavuga rumubonamo agaciro?” Narababajije nti: “ese agaciro afite karenze ako kuba yarakoze ibyaha by’urwango, atanicuza n’ubwo yababariwe ni akahe?” Nta gisubizo bigeze bampa, nta n’ubwo batumye bitambuka ngo bizasubizwe n’abandi.

Nasabye abo banyamakuru, kimwe n’abandi bazasoma iyi nyandiko kujya mu mateka ya IVUmuhoza, bakareba ibyo yakoze, abo bakoranye n’abo bagikorana kugira ngo bamenye aho abarizwa. Nabasabye kandi gusoma ibyo yanditse bakumva n’ibyo yanditse ari umuyobozi w’ihuriro ryitwa RDR na FDU-Inkingi. Mbere y’uko uha agaciro uwo ari we wese uteye nka IVUmuhoza, ni ngombwa kumumenya. Waba utabizi ukabaza. Ibyo nababwiye bibereka uwo IVUmuhoza ari we, ntabyo batangaje.

Uko ari babiri, bashatse kunyemeza ko ari nta cyaha akibarwaho kuko yahawe imbabazi na Perezida Paul Kagame. Icyo nabashubije ni uko imbabazi yahawe ari izo kumugabanyiriza uburebure bw’igihe yagombaga kumara muri gereza atari uguhanagurwaho icyaha yahamijwe n’inkiko.

Gukabya mu kwibeshya no kubeshya

Dr. Claudine Kuradusenge-McLeod ni umunyarwandakazi uba muri Leta Zunze ubumwe za Amerika (USA). Dr. Claudine Kuradusenge ari mu kigero cy’imyaka 30. Afite impamyabumenyi y’ikirenga yakuye muri George Mason Univeristy.

Dr. Claudine Kuradusenge ni umwe mu banyarwandakazi bize bafite igwingira ry’imitekerereze n’imyumvire byamuteye guhakana no gupfobya Jenoside ku buryo butihishira. Ibyo nkabishingira ku nyandiko ze ebyiri zifitanye isano “Denied Victimhood and Contested Narratives: The Case of Hutu Diaspora”yo mu mwaka w’2016 n’indi yise “Belgian Hutu Diaspora Narratives of Victimhood and Trauma” yo mu mwaka w’2018.

Kuri we, buri munyarwanda ni nyiramukubitwa wa Jenoside, kandi ko kuvuga ko hari Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi ari amakabyankuru cyangwa ikinyoma cyakwijwe na Leta y’u Rwanda. Ibyo guhakana no gupfobya Jenoside biri muri izo nyandiko zombi bikeneye inyandiko yihariye.

Dr. Kuradusenge aburanira amashyirahamwe nka Jambo Asbl y’urubyiruko rwiyemeje guhakana Jenoside no kuburanira abayikoze harimo n’ababyeyi ba nyiri iryo shyirahamwe. Nabyo ntibitangaje.

Muri iyo nyandiko ye yo mu w’2018, hari abo yita ko bajora cyangwa bakosora Leta y’u Rwanda (critics). By’umwihariko avuga IVUmuhoza, Kizito Mihigo na Diane Rwigara. Akavuga ko abakosora cyangwa bakosora Leta batotezwa bagafungirwa ubusa.

Uko asobanura ibya IVUmuhoza, bikwereka ko Dr. Kuradusenge avuga ibyo atazi cyangwa akabyica abizi. Niba ashobora gutinyuka akemeza ko IVUmuhoza yagiye mu gihugu cya Holland ahunze Jenoside, ni ibyerekana ko gahunda ari ukubeshya abamwizera kubera urwego yagezeho mu mashuri.

Ako gaciro Dr. Kuradusenge aha IVUmuhoza si umwihariko we kuko hari abanyamakuru benshi bamubonamo umuntu uri mu rwego rwo gukosora Leta y’u Rwanda aho kuba umukangurambaga w’ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside. Muri abo banyamakuru natangaho urugero aba televiziyo zo kuri murandasi nk’UMUBAVU, abanyamakuru ba BBC-Gahuzamiryango, n’ab’Ijwi rya Amerika (VOA) barimo Eric Bagiruwubusa.

Guha agaciro abakwije ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside

Kugira ngo umenye IVUmuhoza, ni ngombwa guhera kucyo ayobora cyitwa FDU-Inkingi. Icyo kintu cyitwa FDU-Inkingi si ishyaka ahubwo ni ihuriro ry’amashyaka ya Union des Forces Démocratiques Rwandaises (UFDR), Congrès Démocratique Africain (CDA) na Alliance Démocratique Rwandaise (ADR-ISANGANO).

Iryo huriro ry’amashyaka rikaba ryarabayeho guhera mu kwezi kwa Mata 2006. Iyo UFDR ariko, naryo ni ihuriro rigizwe na Forces de la résistance pour la Démocratie (FRD) yari iyobowe na Eugène Ndahayo na Rassemblement Républicain pour la Démocratie au Rwanda (RDR) yari iyobowe na INGABIRE Umuhoza Victoire.

Ibyo gushyiraho amahuriro y’amashyaka kwa IVUmuhoza ntibyabaye mu 2006 gusa. Ku itariki ya 12 Ukwakira 2002 bashinze icyo umuntu yakwita urugaga ruhoraho ruhuza abarwanya Leta y’u Rwanda. Barwise La Concertation Permanente de l’Opposition Démocratique Rwandaise (CPODR) rugizwe na l’Union des Forces Démocratiques Rwandaises (UFDR) na l’Alliance pour la Démocratie et la Réconciliation Nationale (ADRN–IGIHANGO).

Nkuko byavuzwe, UFDR yari igizwe na FRD na RDR mu gihe Alliance “IGIHANGO” yari igizwe na  Forces Démocratiques de Libération du Rwanda (FDLR), l’Alliance pour la Renaissance de la Nation (ARENA) n’icyitwa Nation-Imbaga y’Inyabutatu Nyarwanda.

Utwo dushyaka nka ADRN-Igihango karetse kubaho mu 2004 mu gihe ARENA n’Imbaga y’Inyabutatu tubaho mubyo gusumira inda. Icya ngombwa aha ni ukumenya ko hari igihe IVUmuhoza yakoranaga na FDLR ndetse ko FDU-Inkingi atari ishyaka ahubwo ari impuzamashyaka. Ariko muri iyo mpuzamashyaka IVUmuhoza akaba arimo nk’umuyobozi wa RDR mu rwego rw’isi.

Mu kiganiro IVUmuhoza yahawe na Radiyo Inkingi agifungurwa umwaka ushize, yagikoranye na Gaspard Musabyimana. Uyu mugabo Musabyimana ukoresha radiyo yo kuri murandasi ni muntu ki? Gaspard Musabyimana ni umuntu ufite mateka n’uruhare rutaziguye mu mugambi wa Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi; ari mu gihe cyo kuyitegura, kuyikora no kuyihakana.

Ku rutonde rw’abanyamigabane b’ibanze ba radiyo rutwitsi ya RTLM, Gaspard ni N^o 583. Kuba umwe mubayitangije, si byo byonyine. Si ubwa mbere mvuze ibijyanye n’ubuJenosideri bwa Gaspard Musabyimana kuko nabyanditseho muw’2013 Nyakanga, n’ibindi bihe. Soma: “Umunyamakuru Venuste Nshimiyimana wa BBC mu mugambi wa Jenoside” unasome Abanyamakuru bari muri “Dream Team” y’Interahamwe n’Impuzamugambi.

Amazina agaragara muri izo nyandiko zombi, bari abanyamigabane b’ibanze ba RTLM uretse umwe gusa wari uzi ingaruka zabyo. Ahandi mvuga iby’umukozi wa IVUmuhoza witwa Gaspard Musabyimana, ni mu nyandiko yitwa Abambari n’Impirimbanyi za Politiki gica (Igice cya 3) yo mu ntangiriro z’umwaka w’2011.

Gaspard Musabyimana uyobora radiyo Inkingi ya FDU-Inkingi, ayirimo kuko afite uburambe ku kazi mu maradiyo ategura Jenoside. Uyu Musabyimana utagoheka akwiza ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside yari muri Comité d’Initiative ya RTLM. Iyo Komite ikaba yari iyobowe na Felicien Kabuga ubaho yihisha ubutabera mu gihe abo bakoranaga bagishishikariye gukomeza umugambi wabo mubisha.

Abari muri iyo Komite bose, nta n’umwe wavuga ko atari umujenosideri. Kubyirengagiza ugaha ikuzo umuyobozi wabyo witwa IVUmuhoza, ni ukuba umufatanyacyaha ku bushake.

Abayobozi benshi ba FDU-Inkingi bagize uruhare ruziguye n’urutaziguye mu gutegura Jenoside. Iyo ubona hari ujya kubaza umuyobozi wabo ngo uratekereza iki ku buyobozi bw’u Rwanda nta na rimwe arasaba imbabazi z’ibitekerezo kirimbuzi, ni ukugambanira urubyiruko rw’u Rwanda.

Umunyamakuru wese uha agaciro IVUmuhoza nk’umunyapolitiki, ako gaciro azagahe na Valerie Bemeriki. Itandukaniro ry’abo bagore bombi, ni uko umwe afunze undi akaba yishyira akizana.

Kuri jye abanyamakuru baha IVUmuhoza agaciro, babiterwa n’igwingira rikabije ry’imyumvire n’imitekerereze, cyangwa se ni ukumva ibintu kimwe na we.

Biracyaza….

Na: Ndahiro Tom

Ku itariki ya 5 Mutarama 1989, i Kigali, hashinzwe ishyirahamwe umuntu yavuga ko ridasanzwe kubera abari abanyamuryango b’ibanze n’icyo ryashyiriweho. Iryo shyirahamwe ni ‘Association pour le développement intégré des Groupes Marginaux au Rwanda (ADIGMAR). Rikaba ari ishyirahamwe ryashyiriweho guharanira amajyambere y’amatsinda y’Abanyarwanda baheze inyuma.

Ba nyiri ishyirahamwe bavuze abo bantu bagomba kugobokwa mu by’umuco, imibereho myiza, ubukungu, ubumenyi n’ibindi ko ari “Impunyu, Abanyambo n’abandi bose batereranywe muri ibyo (Impunyu, les Abanyambo et d’autres personnes personnes abandonnées sans soutien quelconque dans leur environnement).

Uwa mbere mu banyamuryango yari General Major Habyarimana Juvenal (akaba na Perezida wa Repubulika y’u Rwanda) uwa kabiri ni umugore we, Madame HABYARIMANA Agathe. Abandi ni Bwana Habimana Bonaventure wari Umunyamabanga mukuru w’ishyaka MRND ryategekaga u Rwanda, Docteur Casimir BIZIMUNGU wari Minisitiri w’Ububanyi n’Amahanga na Madame HABIMANA Gaudence NYIRASAFARI wari ukuriye Ubuyobozi bw’Ibijyanye n’Imibereho myiza mu bunyamabanga bukuru bwa MRND.

Harimo kandi na Musenyeri NSENGIYUMVA Vincent wa Arkidiyosezi ya Kigali, Musenyeri KALIBUSHI Wenceslas wa Diyosezi ya Nyundo, Musenyeri NSENGIYUMVA Thaddee wa Diyosezi ya Kabgayi, Musenyeri NTIHINYURWA Thaddee wa Diyosezi ya Cyangugu, na Musenyeri RUZINDANA Joseph wa Diyosezi ya Byumba.

Mu bandi babaye abanyamuryango ku ikubitiro ishyirahamwe rishingwa, ni Bwana ZIGIRANYIRAZO Protais wari Perefe wa Ruhengeri, Mademoiselle NYIRAMUTARAMBIRWA Felicula wari Umudepite, Dr. NAHIMANA Ferdinand, Bwana MUSHYANDI Joseph, Musenyeri KAYINAMURA Theresphore, Padiri NDEKEZI Sylvestre na Bwana HABIMANA Sylvere.

Dr. Casimir BIZIMUNGU bamugize Perezida w’ishyirahamwe;Visi-Perezida aba Myr. Vincent NSENGIYUMVA; Monsieur HABIMANA Sylvere aba Umunyamabanga naho Mademoiselle NYIRAMUTARAMBIRWA Felicula ari Umubitsi.

Amayeri, Igwingira na Jenoside

Abanyamuryango b’iri shyirahamwe bari mu byiciro bitatu bikomeye. Icyiciro cya mbere ni abari abayobozi bakuru, batagombaga kuba bari mu ishyirahamwe nk’iri ryaje rifite inshingano zagakozwe na Leta. Abo ni nk’uwari Perezida Habyarimana wari na Fondateri w’ishyaka rye MRND, Habimana Bonavanture Umunyamabanga wa MRND igihe kinini ku buryo bari baramutaziriye MUVOMA, kimwe na Gaudence Nyirasafari wari ushinzwe iby’imibereho myiza muri MUVOMA. Hakaba na Myr. Vincent Nsengiyumva nawe wari ukomeye muri Kiliziya Gatolika no mu kazu. Uko ari bane bari muri Komite Nyobozi ya MRND, kandi bikavugwa ko abari muri iyo Komite bari bafite imbaraga n’ububasha biruta iby’Abaminisitiri.

Abandi nashyira muri iki cyiciro ni abari abanyapolitiki nka Dr. Bizimungu, Depite Nyiramutarambirwa waje gupfa cyangwa kwicwa muri uwo mwaka. Undi ni Zigiranyirazo wari umaze imyaka 15 ategeka Perefegitura ya Ruhengeri ariko akaba yari azwi ko ari mu bantu bashyirishagaho cyangwa bagakuzaho abategetsi mu gihugu.

Ntibyumvikana uburyo abayobozi b’igihugu bakaba n’abayobozi b’ishyaka rimwe rukumbi ryayoboraga u Rwanda, bashakira igisubizo kibareba mu ishyirahamwe. Gusigara inyuma kw’Impunyu cyangwa Abanyambo, n’ubuke bwabo, nta kuntu bitari kujya mu igenamigambi rya leta ngo hashyirweho ingamba n’ingengo y’imari yo kubikora.

Kuba bitarakozwe ahubwo hagashyirwaho ishyirahamwe nka ririya, ni uko hari hari ikindi kibyihishe inyuma. Muri ibyo bitavugwa, uretse igwingira ry’imitekerereze n’imyumvire y’abategetsi b’icyo gihe bwari uburyo bwo gushaka amafaranga azakora ibindi bidakozwe mu mucyo.

Icyiciro cya kabiri ni icy’abandi basenyeri batari Arkiyepiskopi Nsengiyumva. Urebye umubare wabo, hari habuzemo Abasenyeri ba Diyosezi za Butare, Ruhengeri na Kibungo. Mu bari mu ishyirahamwe ADIGMAR, uretse Myr. Kalibushi, abandi bari abayoboke beza ba MRND. Habyarimana yabiyumvagamo, ariko anabashakamo amaboko yo kuzakora byinshi by’amahano ukurikije abandi yashyizemo.

Bamwe muri abo basenyeri, batatu muri bo (uwa Kabgayi, Cyangugu na Byumba) baje kujya mu cyiswe ‘Comite de Contact’ yashyiriweho kuba umuzindaro wa Habyarimana mu gihe cy’Intambara. Ni nayo mpamvu usangamo n’abandi bayobozi gatolika babiri ntihabemo n’umwe wo mu yandi madini.

Ikindi cyiciro, ni icyo usangamo abacurabwenge ba Jenoside barimo Ferdinand Nahimana na Joseph Mushyandi. Icyo gihe Nahimana yari umwalimu muri Kaminuza y’u Rwanda, akaza guhabwa kuyobora Ibiro by’igihugu by’itangazamakuru (ORINFOR) ngo akwize  urwango.

Uyu Mushyandi wigeze gukora muri Banki ya Kigali (BK) no muri Minisiteri y’Imari, ni umunyamategeko ukomoka muri Masango aho yanigeze kuba umuyobozi wa MRND. Soma aha urebe uburyo ari inshuti ya Sekibi. Undi mubacurabwenge wa Jenoside ni Agathe Kanziga uvugwa ko yari umuhuzabikorwa w’AKAZU.

Uko ari batatu bagize uruhare muri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi, ari mbere, mu gihe yakorwaga na nyuma yo guhagarikwa. Nyuma y’iri shyirahamwe nibwo hapfuye/hishwe Depite Nyiramutarambirwa, Dr. Francois Muganza na Padiri Sylivio Sindambiwe. Mu bari kugira icyo bavuga, abenshi kandi bahagarariye abandi bari mu ishyirahamwe ritumvikana. Na Padiri Sindambiwe aterwa amazirantoki nta muyobozi we wigeze azamura ijwi ribyamagana.

Perezida w’igihugu mu Ishyirahamwe

Ahandi uretse mu Rwanda rwa Habyarimana, ntibyoroshye kubona umukuru w’igihugu n’abandi bayobozi bajya mu mashyirahamwe abatesha agaciro. Mu Rwanda rw’icyo gihe kugeza kuri Jenoside, byarakozwe ku buryo no mu ishyirahamwe nka Radio RTLM, umukuru w’igihugu n’abandi bayobozi bakuru ba gisiviri na gisirikare babaye abanyamuryango bayo.

Mu banyamuryango ba ADIGMAR, Juvenal Habyarimana na Ferdinand Nahimana, babaye abanyamuryango b’ibanze ba RTLM. Nahimana we yari mu bantu batatu batanga umurongo w’ibiganiro bikangurira abantu gukora icyaha.

Mperutse guha abasomyi urutonde rw’ananyamuryango b’ibanze ba RTLM. Ariko, hari n’inyandiko nashoje mvuga ko uvuze RTLM, umuntu akwiye kumva ko ari kimwe na Jenoside. Ndanahamya ko RTLM na FDU-Inkingi ari bimwe.

Navuze ko kuba hari abanyarwanda nka babiri bitandukanije nayo bakarwanya ingengabitekerezo yayo ari ibintu bifite agaciro mu buzima bw’igihugu n’amateka. Abo bantu ni Christophe Bazivamo na Boniface Rucagu. Bombi n’abayobozi muri FPR-Inkotanyi.

Nagize umwanya wo kuganira nabo uko batanze umugabane muri RTLM ariko ntibakomeze mu murongo wayo. Barabinsobanuriye uko hazaga abantu bakabumvisha ko ari ngombwa kujyamo nyuma babona ibivugirwa muri iyo radio bakagenda biguru ntege kugeza irundutse. Urebye abari bayirimo, ntawabashaga kwivanamo atagize impungenge zo kubizira.

Boniface Rucagu yambwiye uko bamwinjijemo bamwemeza ko ari radiyo y’ubucuruzi kandi izunguka. Igikorwa cyo kuyitangiza cyabereye mu Rugwiro muri Perezidansi. Ibyo byatumye aba muri mirongo itanu ba mbere bayigiyemo. Nyuma y’igihe gito yahuye na Ferdinand Nahimana amubwira umugambi nyawo wa RTLM, ko ari uguhangana no kumvisha Abatutsi n’Inkotanyi. Rucagu ati, “nyuma y’aho iyo radiyo itangiriye namenye icyo yambwiraga”.

Ishusho nyayo ya RTLM uyibonera mu mazina y’abagize uruhare muri Jenoside n’abagikomeje ingengabitekerezo yayo. Iyo ushaka kumenya abagize uruhare muri Jenoside, ari ukuyitegura kuyikora no kuyihakana, aha mbere ugomba gushakira ni ku rutonde rw’abanyamigabane b’ibanze ba RTLM.

Uwo utabonyemo muri urwo rutonde ntumubone no ku rw’abatoza n’abanyeshuri, umushakira mu bajyanywe i Arusha muri Tanzaniya cyangwa ababuranishirijwe mu Rwanda no mu yandi mahanga. Ahandi ugomba kubabona kandi hose ni ku bantu bayoboye MRND, CDR n’ababashamikiyeho, RDR n’ibyayishibutseho birimo FDU-Inkingi na FDLR.

Na Sylvestre Mudacumura abanyekongo baherutse kwivugana, ku itariki ya 18 Nzeri 2019, nawe ari mubatanze imigabane ya mbere muri RTLM. Uyu akaba ari mu bantu bateguye bagakora Jenoside. Benshi muri aba biyita opozisiyo, n’ababashyigikira ntawibuka amateka y’abayobozi bagiye mu mashyirahamwe asenya.

Iby’igwingira biracyaza…

By Jos van Oijen

In her book In Praise of Blood, Canadian author Judi Rever controversially claims that not one, but two genocides were committed in Rwanda in 1994. [1] The first genocide nearly wiped out the Tutsi minority. A second one, secretly committed by the Tutsi dominated Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), allegedly targeted the Hutu majority. It’s a sensational story, but how well does it fit with reality? How well researched is it?

Smokescreen

Although Rever’s book is promoted as a ground-breaking piece of investigative journalism, the double genocide theory is not new. It was used by genocidaires in their trials, and is an idea promoted by their acolytes and supporters.[2]

Hutu hardliners have accused the RPF of genocide throughout the Rwandan civil war of the early 1990s.[3] Then in May 1994, with half a million Tutsi killed, the extremist regime accused the RPF of having slaughtered hundreds of thousands of Hutu.[4]

Human Rights Watch and other observers commented at the time that such counter accusations were part of a smokescreen, designed to distract foreign attention from the ongoing genocide against the Tutsi and to instil fear in the Hutu-population. The regime, supported by extremist radio station RTLM, consistently blamed the RPF for crimes they were themselves committing.[5]

Judi Rever claims the allegations must not be dismissed as propaganda. Her argument is that the RPF got away with massive crimes because they committed their genocide in total secrecy, under the cover of night, and cleaned up after themselves. “It was mass murder leaving barely a trace”, she writes.[6] One further claim is that the Western allies even lent a hand in covering up the atrocities.

Rever’s revelations are riddled with errors, omissions and unsound theories.

However, as far as the facts of the book can be checked, Rever’s revelations appear to be riddled with errors, omissions and scientifically unsound theories that warrant scrutiny before her book can be regarded as a valid contribution to our knowledge.

Nazi Death Camps

The first element of Rever’s theory raising eyebrows is a comparison she makes with Nazi-Germany.[7] The methods used to accomplish the Hutu-genocide, she writes, resembled those of the Third Reich. The RPF supposedly operated Nazi-style death camps, deployed Einsatzgruppen and mobile gas chambers, and used cremation pits, “… where up to hundreds of thousands of Hutus from different areas of the country were killed during and after the genocide”.[8]

Nazi death camps, mass transports, open air cremations, organized by an outnumbered rebel army in the midst of war, all going unnoticed in a tiny country like Rwanda seems far-fetched, to say the least. Without any physical evidence or consistent witness accounts, this story might just as well be a hoax. So where did Rever’s death camp theory originate?

In 1996, Canadian filmmakers Daniéle Lacourse and Yvan Patry released ‘Chronicle of a Genocide Foretold’, an influential documentary which also devotes a great deal of attention to war crimes ascribed to the RPF. [9] One of the witnesses in the film tells a story about a military camp near Gabiro, in the northeast of Rwanda, where he claims to have worked as a nurse as of August 1994.

“That’s where I started to worry about the RPF,” the man explains on camera..

A soldier stationed at Gabiro told him that more than a thousand Hutu were murdered every night. In the space of five days the soldier had counted 6.000 victims, according to the nurse. Their remains were allegedly burned, their ashes dispersed in the surrounding area.

Judi Rever uses a different version of this story, based on a letter she found in a binder of old documents. In this version, the nurse works at a military hospital. The story of the soldier and the exterminations now takes place a month earlier, not in Gabiro but in a Kigali suburb.[10] Later, after being transferred to Gabiro, the nurse saw smoke rising from an adjacent camp, prompting him to assume that what he had been told in Kigali was also true for Gabiro.

More versions were published in French and English newspapers.[11] The details keep changing but one thing all the different versions have in common is that this witness, who turned out to be a Hutu named Pierre N., never saw any crimes for himself during the eight months he says he had spent in Gabiro.

Journalist Nick Gordon ended up driving to the camp in early 1996 to take a look.[12] But although one of Judi Rever’s key witnesses – a former RPF soldier – claims that the killing and burning of Hutu was still continuing at that time,[13] all Gordon found were three primitive army barracks, nothing remotely resembling a death camp.

“It’s hard to believe that this dot on the map is an extermination camp,” Gordon wrote. He nevertheless compared the camp to Auschwitz, based on Pierre N.’s story.

American TV Show

In the years that followed, more Nazi-elements were added to the story by other authors. In Rever’s book, Gabiro has completed the transformation from the few ramshackle army barracks seen by Gordon, into a fully functional Treblinka-style extermination camp.

The hundreds of thousands who, according to Rever, had vanished in Gabiro were either burned or dissolved in acid, their ashes dispersed in the area with bulldozers.[14] If true, this theory would certainly make a sensational story. But how do specialized scientists look at it?

Reza Gerretsen M.D., the senior forensic anthropologist of the Netherlands Forensic Institute (NFI) and Dr. Sophie Churchill OBE, who has headed the Corpse Project, a body farm in England, were kind enough to comment on the methods described by Rever.[15]

“Cremating human remains is a relatively quick process that requires little fuel,” says Gerretsen. “This is a consequence of body fat being released when heated, which sustains the combustion. However, bone is a different story, you don’t get rid of it very easily.”

“If you burnt bodies then you would be left with skull fragments and large bones such as femurs”, both experts explain.

“Is it being suggested that the remains reduced to an even dust that could be spread?” Churchill asks. “This seems unlikely. What we call ashes here are ground bones.”

Churchill is also sceptical about the detail of the bulldozer. “If there were many fires night after night the bulldozer would be moving over a very big area ultimately. It isn’t a good machine for incorporating ashes into the soil.”

And the alternative, the acid method?

“Getting rid of human remains in acids is impractical and hazardous”, according to Gerretsen, who has investigated acid murder cases with his NFI-colleagues. “It takes a very long time and you are still left with some remains”.

According to the scientific publication about the investigated cases, the perpetrators had been messing around with containers filled with acids for weeks in their attempts to disappear a couple of victims.[16]

“You mustn’t believe that a body completely vanishes in acid,” Gerretsen adds. “That’s what they show on American TV shows. But reality is different. The logistics are also problematic.”

So, not a credible story?

Gerretsen: “In that context and with such huge numbers of victims, it is highly unlikely.”

A comparison with the actual Nazi extermination camps does not make Rever’s story any more plausible. The SS had been experimenting for months to cope with the problems they encountered with open air cremations. They finally turned their extermination campaign into an industrial process with tools that were lacking in Rwanda.

Even then they found it difficult to hide the remains. “Attempts to mix the ash with dirt and dust proved unsuccessful as a means of concealing the ash”, Yithzak Arad writes in his book on the Operation Reinhard camps.[17] Eventually the ashes – meaning the crushed bone fragments – were simply buried.

Judi Rever uses a ‘top secret’ interim report of an ICTR Special Investigations team from 2003 to legitimize her claims.[18] The report mentions one source for executions in the Gabiro area between May and August 1994.[19] It also mentions bodies transported to be burned in the Akagera National Park in September and October.[20] However, the death toll is very different: between several hundred and a couple of thousand, not the hundreds of thousands estimated by Rever.

Smoking gun

Efforts to find solid evidence for a genocide against the Hutu were never successful. “For roughly a month after the Tutsi victory,” Pulitzer Prize winner Mark Fritz explains in an email, “I spent most of my time hunting down reprisals in southern Rwanda. I never found a smoking gun that showed systematic reprisals against the Hutu. One of the sources of these allegations was a Belgian priest who had rumors but not much else.”[21]

A Belgian journalist who witnessed a quarter of a million Hutu refugees arriving in Tanzania, allegedly escaping the RPF onslaught, was not convinced either: “These people had all their possessions with them, mattresses, goats, cornsacks, cooking utensils. They were not traumatized either, had no blood on their clothes, had all their children with them. Something was not right.”[22]

Other journalists and human rights researchers had similar problems finding proof for genocidal massacres targeting Hutus, “… although the UNHCR, relying on second hand reports from Hutu-refugees, has said this is the case,” Mark Huband noted in The Observer.[23]

One UNHCR report has gained an almost mythical status among genocide revisionists. Consultant Robert Gersony and his team spent five weeks interviewing people in refugee camps outside Rwanda, and in villages inside Rwanda, in the aftermath of the genocide.[24]

“What they discovered was disturbing”, Judi Rever writes. “RPF soldiers appeared to have carried out genocide against Hutu civilians.”[25]

What she doesn’t tell is that Gersony did not confirm the allegations in the field when he had the chance.[26] However, according to Shaharyar Khan, the UN special representative in Rwanda, several investigations were carried out afterwards, also by himself.[27] In one instance, Gersony’s information turned out to be correct, except the identities of killers and victims had been reversed.

The mass graves? We found nothing.

French magazine L’Express noted in November ’94 that Canadian Peacekeepers had spent three weeks following up Gersony’s information.[28] “In vain”, one of them had said. “The mass graves? We found nothing. Except for mass graves from before the RPF’s conquest.” This was later corroborated by a military attaché of the US embassy in Kigali, involved in the investigations.[29]

“The report circulated unofficially very widely”, according to Howard Adelman, a scholar who has investigated one of the massacres during field research in 1995, despite its confidentiality.[30] Adelman and his colleague Astri Suhrke found that a number of civilians had indeed been killed by RPF troops while repressing a rebellion, but that their number had been grossly exaggerated.

“The conclusions of the Gersony Report of occurrences within Rwanda could possibly have been true,” Adelman reflects on his website, “but the evidence we examined undermined the credibility of those conclusions and fit in too well with the Hutu revisionist claim that, on the one hand, denied the genocide, and, on the other hand, claimed that it was Kagame that had perpetuated a genocide.”[31]

An empirical study conducted by Philip Verwimp in central and south western Rwanda confirmed this general picture.[32] Verwimp found that nearly all Tutsi households had lost members in the genocide, a third having been completely exterminated. In contrast, a small minority of Hutu households (8%) had lost one or more members due to either extremist Hutu or RPF violence.

Fact checking

Many details concerning the double genocide theory appear to be deliberately misleading. After Rever tries to discredit the late Alison Des Forges of Human Rights Watch as anti-Hutu,[33] she writes: “Academics at the University of Rwanda estimated that some forty thousand civilians had been killed by the RPF in Byumba and Ruhengeri prefectures by early 1993.”[34]

The likely reason for discrediting Des Forges is that Human Rights Watch dismissed that huge estimate in June 1993 as not credible,[35] and has repeated this conclusion in at least two other reports.[36] According to Des Forges, the report of the intellectuals included “spurious detail” that would have been impossible to obtain given the lack of access to the region at the time.

In another example Rever suggests that the many corpses floating in the Kagera River from late April 1994 onward were Hutu-victims of the RPF,[37] without mentioning that in late April and May 1994 NGOs were still reporting that upstream, in government territory, up to 5.000 Tutsi a day ended up dead in the river.[38]

Even the ‘top secret’ report of the Special Investigations team of the ICTR, which summarizes accusations collected from political dissidents and army deserters in the Diaspora,[39] several of whom later retracted their statements,[40] did not reach conclusions or casualty figures anywhere near those put forward by Rever.

It is beyond the scope of this article to discuss in detail every misconception in Judi Rever’s book. Her information about the assault on president Habyarimana’s plane alone will need another article to discuss.

Rever suggests, for instance, that an RPF commando shot down the aircraft from Masaka, an area several kilometers south-east of the airport, under the guidance of a civilian RPF-infiltrator in the control tower communicating with them over a two-way radio.[41] This assumption is disputed by Filip Reyntjens, who investigated the assault in 1995.[42]

Government soldiers were present in the control tower which made communications with the alleged missile commando very unlikely.[43] Moreover, the location of Masaka has been ruled out by independent forensic research commissioned by the French judiciary, published in 2012,[44] which convincingly discredits Rever’s witnesses.

This is not to say that In Praise of Blood’ is completely without merits. The facts about US involvement during the invasion of Congo in 1996, for example, appear to be correct as they are confirmed by Gregory Stanton of Genocide Watch.[45]

But the mixing of accurate facts with ones that are demonstrably rooted in the old Hutu Power propaganda, such as her story of Tutsi-infiltrators terrorizing their fellow Tutsi at roadblocks, an allegation broadcast by RTLM radio in June 1994,[46] makes the puzzle difficult to unravel, even for some experts.

Most alarming about this book is that nobody appears to have bothered with fact checking to establish the veracity of the information. Judi Rever didn’t, but neither did Random House Canada, a renowned publishing house. This is very confusing to readers, not to say insulting to genocide survivors. And as the book is being translated into other languages, even listed for literary awards, again no one involved seems to bother with what might be real and what not.

If revelations sound too good to be true, when counter-evidence is omitted, and dubious sources are mentioned as credible informants as is the case in Judi Rever’s book, the reader would be wise to seek out more reliable information, available in the huge amount of thoroughly researched scholarly studies published over the years, before taking ‘In Praise of Blood’ at face value.

Jos van Oijen is an independent author and researcher from the Netherlands. He publishes news and research articles about genocide-related issues in print and in online magazines.

[1] https://www.penguinrandomhouse.ca/books/546081/in-praise-of-blood-by-judi-rever/9780345812094

[2] Alison Des Forges, Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda. New York-Washington-London-Brussels: Human Rights Watch; 1999, p. 78; Thierry Cruvellier, Court of Remorse: Inside the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. The University of Wisconsin Press 2010, p. 32-34; Klaus Bachmann & Aleksandar Fatic. The UN International Criminal Tribunals: Transition without Justice? Routledge, London, New York, 2015, p. 243; Roland Moerland, The Killing of Death, denying the genocide against the Tutsi. Intersentia, Cambridge, Antwerp, Portland 2016, p. 154.

[3] The Killing of Death, p. 167-171. Allegations of a Tutsi conspiracy to exterminate the Hutu majority were published since 1991 in booklets and the newspaper Kangura. Accusations of a genocide committed against the Hutu were published since February 1993 in press releases of political parties MRND and CDR.

[4] United Nations Security Council, 3377th Meeting, 16 May 1994. Doc. No. S/PV.3377, p. 4-5, available at: https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/Chap%20VII%20SPV%203377.pdf; The counter accusations were taken from an undated report, titled: Donnees sur L’Agression menee par L’Ouganda contre le Rwanda, sent to the UN Security Council by interim minister Bicamumpaka on 21 April 1994. Also see: Human Rights Watch, Genocide in Rwanda April – May 1994. Human Rights Watch/Africa May 1994, p. 8.

[5] Leave None to Tell the Story, p. 88-89.

[6] In Praise of Blood, p. 4.

[7] Id.p. 229.

[8] Id. pp. 92, 200, 241 (quote).

[9] Yvan Patry & Daniéle Lacourse, Chronicle of a Genocide Foretold. Altercine 1996. My copy: 2007, National Film Board of Canada.

[10] In Praise of Blood, p. 173-174.

[11] Stephen Smith (1996), “Au Camp de Gabiro, les Corps etaient brules et les restes enterres au bulldozer”. Libération, 14 March; Nick Gordon (1996), “Return to Hell”. Sunday Express, 21 April.

[12] See: Return to Hell.

[13] In Praise of Blood, p. 95.

[14] Id. p. 92.

[15] Gerretsen commented by phone and email, Churchill by email, April-May 2018.

[16] Erwin Vermeij, Peter Zoon, Mayonne van Wijk and Reza Gerretsen (2015) “Microscopic residues of Bone from Dissolving Human Remains in Acid”. Journal of Forensic Science, May, 60(3): 770-776.

[17] Yitzhak Arad, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka: The Operation Reinhard Death Camps. Indiana University Press 1999, ebook, p. 90.

[18] In Praise of Blood, p. 2.

[19] International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. General report on the Special Investigations concerning the crimes committed by the Rwandan Patriotic Army (RPA) during 1994. Arusha 2003, p. 7.

[20] General report on the Special Investigations, p. 29.

[21] Mark Fritz, email message of 27 February 2017.

[22] Parlementaire commissie van onderzoek betreffende de gebeurtenissen in Rwanda, Verslag. Brussels, 1997, Available at: http://www.senate.be/www/?MIval=/publications/viewPubDoc&TID=16778570&LANG=nl#nc79 see quote of Els de Temmerman in paragraph 3.11.1.2. “De rol van RTLM met betrekking tot de genocide”.

[23] Mark Huband (1994), “Church of the holy slaughter”. The Observer, 6 June; also: Anonymous (1994), “Hutu refugees accuse rebel forces of massacring entire villages in revenge for genocide.” The Guardian, 27 May. Hutu refugees told aid workers the RPF had killed an incredible fifty thousand civilians in 48 hours.

[24] UNHCR Emergency Repatriation Team, Summary of UNHCR presentation before commission of experts 10 October (ICTR pages R0002907-R0002920): attachment of a letter dated 11 October 1994 by Francois Fouinat addressed to Mrs. Molina-Abram, Secretary to the Commission of Experts on Rwanda.

[25] In Praise of Blood, p. 96.

[26] Summary of UNHCR presentation, p. 9.

[27] Shaharyar M. Khan, The Shallow Graves of Rwanda. I.B.Tauris London, New York 2000, pp. 50-56.

[28] Hugeux Vincent (1994). “Rwanda: le prêtre et les démons.” L’Express, 11 November.

[29] Thomas P. Odom, Journey into Darkness. Texas A&M University Press, 2005, pp. 174-175.

[30] https://howardadelman.com/2014/10/14/fathers-and-sons-part-ii-review-of-the-judge/

[31] Id.

[32] Philip Verwimp, “Testing the Double-Genocide Thesis for Central and Southern Rwanda.” Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol 47 No 4, 2003, 423-442.

[33] In Praise of Blood, p. 98. Rever for example highlights a quote from p. 14 of Leave None to Tell the Story, to wrongly suggest Des Forges only spent a sentence on the Byumba Stadium massacre, although that massacre is described on pp. 705-706 as part of a 35 page section focusing solely on RPF crimes. Later in the book Rever portrays Des Forges as disinterested in RPF crimes.

[34] Id. p. 216.

[35] Africa Watch, Beyond the Rhetoric, Continuing Human Rights Abuses in Rwanda. Human Rights Watch, New York, 1993, p. 22.

[36] Leave None to Tell the Story, p. 81; Human Rights Watch, Law and Reality: Progress in Judicial Reform in Rwanda. New York: Human Rights Watch 2008, p. 93.

[37] In Praise of Blood, p. 104; also: The Guardian, 27 May. Hutu refugees who claimed the RPF had killed fifty thousand Hutu in 48 hours also claimed they had thrown dismembered bodies in the Kagera River.

[38] Laurence Binet et al (ed), Genocide of Rwandan Tutsi 1994, Médecins Sans Frontières 2013, p. 25; Jens Meierhenrich “The transformation of lieux de mémoire: The Nyabarongo River in Rwanda, 1992–2009”, Anthropology Today, 25(5):13-19, p. 16.

[39] General report on the Special Investigations, p. 2-3, notes: “We thus succeeded in infiltrating the circles of the political dissidents of the RPF and that of the deserters of the RPA.”

[40] The most notable retraction was by Abdul Ruzibiza, a major witness for the Special Investigations team as well as the Bruguiere inquiry in France, who later admitted that most of his testimony, which he had phrased in the first person, had actually been based on hearsay. See: Havard Aalmo, Audition sur Commission Rogatoire Internationale. Kripos Oslo, 2010.

[41] In Praise of Blood, p. 189.

[42] Filip Reyntjens, Rwanda: Trois jours qui ont fait basculer l’histoire. Brussels: Cahiers Africains-Afrika Studies, 1995, pp. 25-26.

[43] Filip Reyntjens, email message of 26 October 2018.

[44] Oosterlinck C, van Schendel D, Huon J, Sompayrac J, Chavanis O. Destruction En Vol Du Falcon 50 – Kigali (Rwanda). Paris: Cour d’Appel de Paris: Tribunal de Grande Instance de Paris; 2012, p. C 23.

[45] Gregory Stanton, email messages of 11 and 12 April 2018.

[46] Jean-Pierre Chrétien, Expert Report. ICTR 2001, p. 253.

Source

Par Laurent Larcher, le 10/10/2019

Elle est attendue depuis des semaines. La liste définitive des historiens chargés de l’étude des archives françaises du Rwanda (période pré-génocidaire et génocide des Tutsis 1990-1994), doit être rendue publique à la mi-octobre. La Croix s’est procurée un exemplaire, en exclusivité.

Qu’a fait la France de François Mitterrand au Rwanda entre 1990 et 1994 ? De quelle nature a été son soutien à l’armée rwandaise et à ses forces de sécurité ? Le pouvoir français a-t-il directement ou indirectement été impliqué dans le génocide perpétré contre les Tutsis ? Qui a fait quoi ? Qui a ordonné quoi ? Voilà 25 ans que ces questions hantent les rescapés du génocide. 25 ans que ces questions sont posées, que des chercheurs et des journalistes tentent de déterrer les secrets de la politique française au Rwanda.

Emmanuel Macron a voulu en finir avec ce passé qui ne passe pas en lançant, le 5 avril, une commission d’enquête chargée d’explorer « toutes les archives françaises » relatives à l’implication, entre 1990 et 1994, de la France au Rwanda.

D’abord constituée de 9 membres, cette commission s’est élargie dans la discrétion, cet été.

► Qui sont ses membres ?

Il avait été dit que la liste définitive devait être rendue publique vers la mi-septembre. Le délai envisagé dépassé, la composition définitive de la commission – elle a pourtant commencé ses auditions –, ne l’a toujours pas été.

Contacté jeudi 10 octobre au matin pour savoir ce qu’elle avait fait depuis six mois et sur ses membres, Vincent Duclert, son président, a renvoyé La Croix au programme de travail fixé par la lettre de mission du président de la République et a déclaré que sa composition finale sera annoncée dans la deuxième partie du mois d’octobre. Entre-temps, La Croix a pu se procurer cette liste confidentielle, telle qu’elle devait être annoncée mi-septembre (voir plus bas).

► Quels sont les titres universitaires présentés dans cette liste ?

La commission serait passée de 9 à 16. Elle compterait des professeurs de droit (Thomas Hochmann, Sylvie Humbert), des spécialistes de la Shoah ou du génocide des Arméniens (Annette Wievorka, Isabelle Ernot, Raymond H. Kévorkian), une universitaire et un doctorant en histoire militaire (Julie Audurain, David Dominé-Cohn).

Parmi les autres spécialistes représentés dans cette liste, on note une archiviste-paléographe (Catherine Bertho Lavenir), une historienne de la Grande Guerre, des femmes et du genre, (Françoise Thébaud), une spécialiste des questions éducatives (Christelle Jouhanneau), un autre des « organisations » (Erik Langlinay), des archives des services secrets (Guillaume Pollack), des images, des photos et vidéos (Sandrine Weil). Une seule, Chantal Morelle, est présentée comme spécialiste de la Ve République, de sa diplomatie et du général de Gaulle.

Parmi les titres et les fonctions annoncées dans cette liste, on peut noter la présence de six chercheurs ou professeurs d’université, de trois inspecteurs généraux de l’éducation nationale, de trois agrégés, trois doctorants, deux certifiés. Il y a également un membre du conseil d’État (Christian Vigouroux).

►Toujours pas de spécialiste du sujet

Si l’on en croit cette liste, la Commission de chercheurs pour l’étude des archives françaises du Rwanda (période pré-génocidaire et génocide des Tutsis 1990-1994) (CCAFR) ne compte toujours pas de spécialistes du génocide des Tutsis au Rwanda. Ni du Rwanda. Ni de l’Afrique des Grands Lacs. Ni de la France en Afrique après les indépendances.

Ni de la France en Afrique pendant la colonisation. Ni de l’Afrique subsaharienne. Ni de François Mitterrand, alors président de la République pendant la période étudiée. Ni des interventions militaires françaises en Afrique, ni de la coopération militaire. Enfin, aucun historien de cette liste ne parle ou ne lit le kinyarwanda (la langue nationale).

► Pourquoi aucun spécialiste du Rwanda ?

En attendant les nouvelles explications de son président, la justification apportée par les responsables de ce dossier, le 5 avril 2019, était de deux ordres. Le sujet divisant vivement les spécialistes français de la question, le travail de la Commission aurait été bloqué par leur clivage. C’est pourquoi, il fallait porter un regard neuf sur l’étude des documents, des archives du rôle de la France au Rwanda entre 1990 et 1994. Si ce point de vue n’est pas partagé par les spécialistes en question, il a aussi été contesté par quelque 300 universitaires, enseignants et intellectuels dans une pétition lancée par l’historien Christian Ingrao.

Du côté des rescapées du génocide des Tutsis installés en France, c’est plutôt la consternation face à cette liste « définitive » : « Une nouvelle fois, on se fiche de nous. Aucune de ces personnes ne s’est intéressée à nous en 25 ans. Je ne connais pas les écrits, les travaux de ces personnalités sur notre histoire, sur le Rwanda, sur notre extermination. Les seuls qui ont abordé, un peu, le sujet, l’ont fait dans la Mission d’étude en France sur la recherche et l’enseignement des génocides et des crimes de masses. Mais ils ne nomment pas le génocide des Tutsis correctement : ils parlent plutôt de massacre, de génocide rwandais en restant flou », réagit Adélaïde Mukantabana, l’auteure de L’innommable, Agahomamunwa (L’Harmattan).

« Notre histoire est si complexe et spécifique, ajoute-elle. Il y a des historiens, des chercheurs qui depuis des années, ont travaillé sur cette singularité. Je regrette que pas un seul ne soit là. J’attends, comme tous les rescapés, le travail de cette commission. Je veux encore espérer qu’elle le fera correctement, qu’elle dira la vérité de ce qui s’est passé. 25 ans que nous attendons de comprendre pourquoi on a voulu nous anéantir et pourquoi la France a été si proche des tueurs. »

——

Liste de la Commission des chercheurs pour l’étude des archives françaises du Rwanda (période pré-génocidaire et génocide des Tutsis 1990-1994) (CCAFR)

• Vincent Duclert, inspecteur général de l’éducation nationale, directeur du CESPERA (en congé) et enseignant à l’EHESS, président de la Commission.
• Julie d’Andurain, professeure des universités en histoire contemporaine à l’université de Metz, spécialiste d’histoire militaire contemporaine.
• Catherine Bertho Lavenir, archiviste paléographe, professeure des universités, inspectrice générale de l’éducation nationale honoraire.
• Thomas Hochmann, professeur de droit public à l’université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne.
• Sylvie Humbert, professeure des universités catholiques, directeur du Centre de Recherche de Relations entre les Risques et le Droit (C3RD) de la Faculté de Droit de l’Université Catholique de Lille, spécialiste de la justice pénale internationale.
• Raymond H. Kévorkian, directeur de recherche émérite à l’Université de Paris 8, spécialiste du génocide des Arméniens, membre de la Mission d’étude en France sur la recherche et l’enseignement des génocides des crimes de masse.
• Françoise Thébaud, professeure émérite des universités en histoire contemporaine à l’Université d’Avignon, spécialiste de la Grande Guerre, des femmes et du genre.
• Christian Vigouroux, président de section au conseil d’État.
• Annette Wieviorka, directrice de recherche émérite au CNRS, spécialiste de la Shoah, vice-présidente du Conseil supérieur des archives et membre du Conseil d’administration de la Fondation pour la mémoire de la Shoah.

Secrétariat général/chargé de mission

• Chantal Morelle, professeur en classe préparatoire, docteur en histoire contemporaine, spécialiste de la Ve République, de sa diplomatie et du général De Gaulle.
• David Dominé-Cohn, professeur certifié d’histoire-géographie, en préparation de thèse, spécialiste es archives militaires.
• Isabelle Ernot, professeur d’histoire-géographie détachée, docteure en histoire contemporaine, spécialiste de la Shoah, membre de la Mission d’études en France sur la recherche et l’enseignement des génocides et des crimes de masses.
• Christelle Jouhanneau, inspectrice d’académie-inspectrice pédagogique régionale stagiaire, agrégée d’histoire-géographie, spécialiste des questions éducatives.
• Erik Langlinay, professeur agrégé d’histoire et docteur en histoire contemporaine, spécialiste des organisations.
• Guillaume Pollack, professeur certifié d’histoire-géographie, en fin de thèse, spécialiste des archives secrètes.
• Sandrine Weil, avocate, doctorante en histoire contemporaine, spécialiste des ressources images, photos et vidéos.

Source

Par Romain Gras

Soixante chercheurs, journalistes et historiens spécialistes du Rwanda ont adressé une lettre ouverte aux rectorats de quatre universités belges pour protester contre l’intervention de la journaliste canadienne Judi Rever à une série de conférences entre le 9 et le 12 octobre. Auteure du livre « In Praise of Blood », dans lequel la journaliste insinue la thèse controversée du double génocide, Judi Rever est accusée de négationnisme.

Les signataires de la lettre ouverte se disent « choqués que de grandes universités européennes aient choisi de donner une plateforme à l’auteure d’un livre qui diffuse les arguments utilisés dans une campagne de négation de 25 ans sans fournir le genre de débat que cette question nécessite ».

Dans ce courrier adressé aux recteurs de l’Université catholique de Louvain, de l’Université d’Anvers et de la VUB de Bruxelles ainsi qu’au directeur dʼArtevelde Hogeschool de Gand, qui accueillent ces conférences, les signataires accusent ces établissements d’offrir une plateforme, sans « débat contradictoire digne de ce nom », à Judi Rever, une journaliste canadienne explicitement accusée d’être une « négationniste du génocide de 1994 contre les Tutsi du Rwanda ».

Parmi les soutiens de ce courrier on retrouve certains des principaux spécialistes de la question, comme les historiens Stéphane Audoin Rouzeau et Hélène Dumas, le journaliste Jean-François Dupaquier mais aussi le général canadien Roméo Dallaire, commandant de la Minuar – la mission de maintien de la paix onusienne au Rwanda pendant le génocide.

Banaliser le génocide des Tutsi

Judi Rever est l’auteur du livre In Praise of Blood (Penguin Random House Canada, 2018), qui se présente comme une enquête dans laquelle elle accuse notamment le Front patriotique rwandais (la rébellion de Paul Kagame qui a mis fin au génocide en juillet 1994) d’avoir infiltré les milices hutu Interahamwe et d’avoir participé directement au massacre des Tutsi. L’ouvrage se fonde notamment sur un rapport confidentiel du Tribunal pénal international pour le Rwanda (TPIR), qui n’est pas reproduit dans son livre. Sur la base de ces éléments et de témoignages, elle soutient la thèse controversée d’un double génocide qui aurait entraîné la mort de près de 500 000 victimes hutu.

À LIRE Rwanda : « Le discours négationniste consiste à occulter la construction, pendant des décennies, d’un “ennemi tutsi” »

La thèse n’est pas nouvelle et consiste à opposer au génocide des Tutsi du Rwanda, unanimement reconnu par la communauté internationale et scientifique, un second génocide, commis contre les Hutu. Une théorie « qui se répand depuis de nombreuses années dans la propagande des génocidaires et de leurs partisans », écrivent les signataires, et qui, selon de nombreux spécialistes du sujet, a pour finalité de nier au génocide des Tutsi sa spécificité et, au-delà, sa préparation antérieure au début de la guerre, en octobre 1990.

« Ce à quoi on a à faire n’est pas une négation du génocide au sens propre. Le discours de Judi Rever consiste à banaliser le génocide des Tutsi en argumentant sur l’existence d’un autre génocide, que les nombreux travaux sur le sujet n’ont pourtant jamais établi. Cette façon de diluer le génocide des Tutsi dans un ensemble plus large constitue un premier degré de négation, plus subtile », explique Yann Gwet, essayiste camerounais, signataire de la lettre, qui vit et travaille au Rwanda.

Absence de contradiction

C’est Peter Verlinden, journaliste à la chaîne flamande VRT, qui est l’instigateur de cette série de conférences. Proche Judi Rever, il est aussi l’auteur de la préface de la traduction en néerlandais du livre de la journaliste canadienne. Selon lui, « dans la mesure où Judi Rever reconnaît le génocide des Tutsi dès les premières pages, il est difficile de la qualifier de négationniste ». Verlinden, qui joue le rôle de modérateur lors des quatre conférences dans lesquelles celle-ci est invitée à intervenir, se défend toutefois de l’accusation, relayée dans la lettre ouverte, selon laquelle aucun débat contradictoire n’aurait été envisagé.

Le journaliste belge maintient que la contradiction est assurée, « à un niveau académique », par la présence d’un professeur de chacune des universités où se tiennent les conférences. Un argument qui ne convainc qu’à moitié puisqu’aucun des professeurs en question n’est un spécialiste de l’histoire du Rwanda ni du génocide des Tutsi. « Nous n’avons pas souhaité polariser le débat à un niveau journalistique », se défend-t-il. « C’est une question sur laquelle les chercheurs ont le droit de se pencher. »

« Nous avons souhaité organisé ce cycle de conférences sous l’angle de la liberté académique », abonde le professeur Stephan Parmentier, juriste et sociologue, qui participait avec Judi Rever à la conférence organisée à Louvain le 9 octobre. « Cela revient à conférer une forme de caution universitaire à ces travaux, or le milieu universitaire ne peut pas se permettre de se montrer aussi léger sur un pareil sujet », conteste le Français François Robinet, maître de conférences en histoire contemporaine, également signataire de la lettre ouverte.

Selon Yann Gwet, « l’argument de la liberté académique peut se défendre d’un point de vue théorique. Mais dans la pratique, il faut prendre en compte le contexte de chaque situation. Pour le Rwanda, il ne s’agit pas seulement d’histoire mais aussi du présent : des génocidaires sont toujours en fuite, et dans le pays on découvre encore des fosses communes. »

Pas de traduction en français

Ce n’est pas la première fois que cet ouvrage sulfureux, déjà publié en anglais et en néerlandais, provoque une levée de bouclier au sein de la communauté des spécialistes du Rwanda. Un temps envisagée, la publication d’une traduction en français aux éditions Fayard a finalement été abonnée après plusieurs semaines de polémique. « En réfléchissant sur le débat d’hier, et sur les réactions qui l’ont précédé et suivi, on peut se demander si nous n’aurions pas dû impliquer une personne affichant des positions clairement opposées à celle de Judi Rever, admet Stephan Parmentier. Si nous venions à réitérer l’expérience, ça ne serait pas une mauvaise idée. Mais le débat reste essentiel, et il a eu lieu », conclut-il.

Un argument que conteste François Robinet : « Le problème, c’est que ce livre occulte les travaux réalisés jusque-là sur le génocide des Tutsi. Pire, il attaque ce qu’il présente comme une « version officielle » sans produire le moindre document. Judi Rever conteste des recherches qui s’appuient sur des éléments factuels concrets sans rien proposer en retour. Il n’est pas possible de débattre autour d’un tel livre ».

Source

Liste des soutiens:

1. Guillaume Ancel, Lieutenant-colonel (R) operation Turquoise veteran. Writer of ‘Rwanda, la fin du silence’. Direct witness of the genocide against Tutsi. .
2. Stéphane Audoin-Rouzeau, historien, directeur d’études à l’EHESS, CESPRA
3. Philippe Basabose, Associate professor (Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada)
4. Richard M. Benda, Tutor & Research Fellow, Luther King House Open College
5. Emmanuel Cattier, Commission d ‘enquête citoyenne http://cec.rwanda.free.fr/
6. Bruce Clarke, Visual artist, author of memorial works in Rwanda
7. General Roméo Dallaire, Force Commander, UNAMIR
8. Alain David, Philosophe, ancien directeur de programme au Collège international de
   Bureau national de la Licra
9. Patrick de Saint-Exupéry, Author and journalist
10. Alain Destexhe, Sénateur honoraire et Initiateur de la Commission Rwanda
11. Boubacar Boris Diop, Professor at the American University of Nigeria in Yola. Author of  » Murambi, the book of bones »
12. Phillip Drew, CD, Associate Professor at Australian National University College of Law, Force Intelligence Officer UNAMIR
13. Hélène Dumas, historian, (CNRS, France)
14. Jean-François Dupaquier, Journalist, writer
15. Philibert Gakwenzire, Docteur en Histoire
16. Jean-Damascène Gasanabo, Director General, Research and Documentation Center on
    Genocide, CNLG
17. Marie-ChrisMne Gasingirwa, Analyst for the Higher Education Council of Rwanda
18. Alain Gauthier, président du CPCR en France, Collectif des Parties Civiles pour le Rwanda
19. Catherine Gilbert, Research Fellow, Ghent University. Author of From Surviving to Living: Voice, Trauma and Witness in Rwandan Women’s Writing.
20. Richard Gisagara, Avocat, Membre de la Communauté Rwandaise de France, auteur de l’action judiciaire ayant aboutit à la pénalisation en France de la négation du génocide commis contre les Tutsis.
21. Aymeric Givord, Member of the association Ibuka France
22. Bruno Gouteux, Publisher, Izuba édition & La Nuit Rwandaise
23. François Graner, researcher, member of Survie association, author of « Le sabre et la machete – officiers français et génocide tutsi »
24. Peter Greaves, Former UNICEF staff member
25. Yann Gwet, Journalist and Author
26. Helen Hintjens, Assistant Professor in Development and Social Justice, International
    Institute of Social Studies (ISS) The Hague
27. Nicki HitchcoS, University of St Andrews
28. Grégoire Jakhian, Avocat
29. Richard G. Johnson, U.S. Foreign Service Officer, retired
30. Marcel Kabanda, Historien, co-auteurs d’ouvrages, « Rwanda, médias du génocide » et
    « Rwanda, racisme et génocide », Expert du TPIR dans le procès des médias
31. Aurélia Kalisky, Researcher at the Leibniz-Zentrum für Literatur- und Kulturforschung, Berlin
32. Jean-Marie Vianney Kayishema, Professor of Drama and Literature, University of
    Rwanda. Playwright and member of the Rwanda Academy of Language and Culture.
33. Joël Kotek, Professeur à l’ULB, spécialiste des genocides
34. Koulsy Lamko, Chadian writer living in Mexico, author of « La Phalène des collines »
35. Jean-Pierre Martin, Journaliste/Grand-reporter
36. Linda Melvern, Linda Melvern, British Investigative journalist. Author: A People Betrayed and Conspiracy to Murder
37. Roland Moerland, Assistant professor in Supranational and Organizational Criminology,
    Department of Criminal Law and Criminology Maastricht University, The Netherlands
38. Allan Moore, Programme Leader – Criminal Justice, University of the West of Scotland. Member of the Internatitional Association of Genocide Scholars.
39. Charles Mulinda Kabwete, PhD, Associate Professor at the University of Rwanda, Department of History and Heritage Studies
40. Emmanuel Nsengiyumva, Principal (Rector) Indangaburezi College of Education Ruhango
41. Eugène Nshimiyimana, Associate professor, McMaster University, Canada
    ChristnePrioSo, Maire de la ville de Dieulefi
42. François Robinet, Historien – Université de Versailles-Saint-Quentin / Paris-Saclay
43. Anna C. Roosevelt, Professor of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Chicago.
44. Jean-Marie Vianney Rurangwa, Writer, dramatist and poet, PhD candidate in sociology,
    University of Ottawa, Canada
45. David Russel, UK Coordinator, Survivors Fund (SURF)
46. Olivia U. Rutazibwa, Senior lecturer, University of Portsmouth
47. Jonathan Salt, Managing Director of Ojemba Education
48. Jean-Philippe Schreiber, Professor at the Université Libre de Bruxelles, Directeur de recherches du FNRS, Centre interdisciplinaire d’Etude des Religions et de la Laïcité (CIERL)
49. Josias Semujanga, Professor of African literature and literary theories at the University of Montreal (Cana. His publications include Narrating Itsembabwoko. When literature becomes Testimony of Genocide (2019), Origins of the Rwandan Genocide (200ti), and Récits fondateurs du drame rwandais (1998).
50. Serigne Seye, Maïtre de conférence assimilé à l’université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar
51. David J. Simon, Director, Genocide Studies Program, Yale University
52. Yves Ternon, Historien
53. Laetitia Tran Ngoc, Chercheuse indépendante
54. Aimable Twagilimana, Buffalo Sate, New York, USA
55. Emeline Uwizeyimana, Chercheure à l’ULB
56. Jos van Oijen, Researcher
57. Julia Viebach, Departmental Lecturer | African Studies Centre | School of Global and Area Studies | University of Oxford
58. Collectif belge pour lta prévention des crimes de génocide et contre les négationnismes –
    Belgisch Collectief ter prevene (of voorkoming) van genocide en tegen het negationisme.

Association des Arméniens démocrates de Belgique:

Centre Communautaire Laïc Juif David Susskind

Centre pour la Prévention des Crimes contre l’Humanité

Comité des Arméniens de Belgique

Fédération Assyrienne de Belgique

Fédération des Araméens de Belgique

Groupe de Soutien aux Parties Civiles (Belgique)

Izuba

Ibuka Mémoire & Justice

Association associée aux campagnes du Collectif:

Comité de Coordination des Organisations Juives de Belgique (CCOJB)

Na: Tom Ndahiro

Kwandika ko abanyamakuru ba radio BBC-Gahuzamiryango bapfobya Jenoside ni ugusubiramo ukuri kwanditswe kenshi. Kuvuga ko icyo gitangazamakuru gishyigikiye abajenosideri nabyo si ikintu gishya kiba kivuzwe. No kuvuga ko BBC-Gahuza bamamaza Ingabire Victoire Umuhoza (IVUmuhoza), nabyo ni ugusubiramo, aka wa mugani ngo ijambo ritinze mu kanwa rihinduka urukonda.

Iyo usesenguye neza usanga amaradiyo ya BBC na VOA avuga Ikinyarwanda n’Ikirundi yarabaye nk’inzego (departments) za P5. Kubera ko haba hari benshi baba batarasomye ibyavuzwe kera kuri ayo maradiyo, cyane cyane BBC-Gahuza yanafungiwe biba ngombwa ko abo batazi amateka bayamenya, bikaba ngombwa ko bigarukwaho. Ukebura urubyiruko ntakwiye guhuga.

Si itangazamakuru ni ‘publicity’ ikorwa

Usoma imitwe y’inkuru za BBC-Gahuza ziri kuri murandasi, ukabonamo kwamamaza kurusha itangazamakuru:

• “Abayoboke 11 b’ishyaka ritaremerwa mu Rwanda, FDU Inkingi, bagarutse mu rukiko i Nyanza basaba kurekurwa” (12 Gashyantare 2019)
• “Victoire Ingabire, umukuru wa FDU-Inkingi, asaba ubutabera ku barwanashyaka be ‘bicwa’” (11 Werurwe 2019)
• Umuyoboke wa FDU-Inkingi avuga ko afunze kuko FPR, iri ku butegetsi mu Rwanda, ishaka ‘kumwumvisha’ (13 Gicurasi 2019)
• “Victoire Ingabire yavuze ko umunsi w’ubwigenge usa n’uwibagiranye mu Rwanda” (2 Nyakanga 2019)
• “’Aba FDU-Inkingi’ bavuga ko bahitishijwemo kwemera ibyaha cyangwa kwicwa (18 Nyakanga 2019”
• “Victoire Ingabire uri kubazwa ishyaka rye rivuga ko ari ‘kwicwa mu bitekerezo’” (16 Ukwakira 2019)

Nta mutwe w’inkuru ushobora kubona utabogamiye kuri FDU-Inkingi. Inkuru BBC-Gahuza yo ku itariki ya 16 Nyakanga 2019 yabanjirijwe n’ibendera rya FDU-Inkingi nk’ifoto y’igitangaza. Inkuru yabo yo ku itariki 3 Kanama 2019 itangira ivuga “Umunyapolitiki utavuga rumwe n’ubutegetsi mu Rwanda” yemeza ko yatanze ikirego mu rwego rw’igihugu rukurikirana ibyaha (RIB) kubera icyo umwunganira yise “kumusebya mu nyandiko” zanjye zica mu binyamakuru.

Icyamubabaje ngo ni ukuba naranditse mvuga ko IVUmuhoza “ari umuntu wamunzwe n’ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside, wasabitswe n’urwango” bikamutera kugira ubwonko bugororwa ntibwumve”. Mu ibaruwa umuburanira yandikiye RIB ngo sinari ngamije gusa “gukomeretsa Victoire Ingabire” ahubwo nari ngamije “kumusebya no kumutesha agaciro muri rubanda rwose rwabashije gusoma izo nyandiko.” Ndabishimangira nkoresheje ibindi bimenyetso.

FDU-Inkingi ntiwayitandukanya na Jenoside

Ibyo abarimo Mugenzi Ally Yusuf cyangwa Felin Gakwaya bakora, si ukubera ubujiji cyangwa ikindi. Si n’ubunyamwuga. Babikorera urukundo bafitiye abarwanya leta batitaye ku mateka yabo ya Jenoside birengagije Abatutsi barenga miliyoni batsembwe, kimwe n’Abahutu bishwe bazira kurwanya umugambi mubisha.

BBC-Gahuza nimenye abo bamamaza abo ari bo. Ndavuga amazina menshi ariko bibaye ngombwa ko nyagarukaho. Hari abanyamahanga benshi ndetse n’abanyarwanda batari bake batazi isano ya FDU-Inkingi n’abarimbuye Abatutsi mu Rwanda. Ntushobora kubitandukanya. Ni nkuko utatandukanya igiti n’imizi yacyo ngo gikomeze kubaho n’amashami n’amababi yacyo.

Hari inama ya FDU-Inkingi bise kongre yabereye i Alost, mu gihugu cy’u Bubiligi ku itariki ya 13-14, Nzeri 2014 iyoborwa na Dr. Eric Bahembera. Muri iyo nama umutwe wa FDU washyizeho ubuyobozi.  Perezida bamugize Victoire INGABIRE UMUHOZA; Visi-Perezida wa Mbere aba Boniface TWAGIRIMANA; Visi-Perezida wa Kabiri aba Joseph BUKEYE; Sylvain SIBOMANA Umunyamabanga Mukuru yungirijwe na Dr. Emmanuel MWISENEZA; Naomie MUKAKINANI aba Umubitsi.

Ubukangurambaga bwashinzwe Antoine NIYITEGEKA, Ibijyanye n’Amategeko n’Uburenganzira bwa Muntu babishinga Joseph MUSHYANDI. Gratien NSABIYAREMYE yashinzwe Imigendekere ya Politiki, Ububanyi n’Amahanga n’Ubuvugizi bishingwa Justin BAHUNGA. Imibereho myiza no guteza imbere abagore bihabwa umugabo witwa Emmanuel DUKUZEMUNGU.

Flora IRAKOZE yashinzwe Urubyiruko mu gihe iby’Amakuru n’Itumanaho byabaye inshingano ya Charles NDEREYEHE hanyuma Felicien HATEGEKIMANA ashingwa Imibereho y’Impunzi. Iby’Ubushakashatsi n’ingamba byahawe Dr. Jean-Nepomuscene MANIRARORA, mu gihe
Umutekano n’iperereza byahawe ex-FAR Major Pierre-Claver KARANGWA.

Iyo Kongre yemeje ko uwitwa Theophile NTIRUTWA ari we uhagarariye FDU-Inkingi mu murwa mukuru w’u Rwanda i Kigali. Banashyizeho Komisiyo zihariye ziyobowe, buri imwe, na Joram MUSHIMIYIMANA, Jean-Baptiste RUMAGIHWA na Dismas NDAHAYO.

Ni muri iyi nama bemereje ko FDU-Inkingi igomba gutsura umubano n’amitwe yiyita amashyaka ya politiki PDR-Ihumure, PDP-Imanzi, na PS-Imberakuri. Aya akaza yiyongera kuri RNC-Ihuriro n’Amahoro-PC. Hagati aho byagiye bihindagurika gato amwe avamo hinjiramo andi bibyara P5.

Bimwe mu byaganiriwe bikemezwa muri iyo nama ni uko FDU ari imwe n’ubuyobozi “bugomba kuba bumwe buhuriweho n’abo mu Rwanda n’abohanze.” Benemeza ubufatanye bwa FDU na RNC ariko bemeza ko “Amasezerano n’andi mashyaka agomba gushyira imbere inyungu za FDU INKINGI.” Aha icyo bakomeyeho ni Ingengabitekerezo ifite imizi ya kure.

Mbere ya Kongre yo muri Nzeri, hari indi yari yabereye mu Buholandi ahitwa i Breda kuwa 13 Mata, 2014 ari nayo yagennnye iyi yo muri Nzeri. Mubari bayitabiriye ni abagize Komite mpuzabikorwa (CC) ya FDU-Inkingi n’abaje bahagarariye amashami yayo.

Abo ni NKIKO NSENGIMANA (Umuhuzabikorwa), hakaba n’abandi bayobora za Komisiyo. Abo ni Sixbert MUSANGAMFURA (Ubutwererane) Marie Madeleine BICAMUMPAKA (umutungo n’Imari); Joseph BUKEYE (Ubukangurambaga no gushakira umutungo n’abantu umutwe wa FDU); Charles NDEREYEHE (Politiki n’ingamba) na Emmanuel MWISENEZA (Amakuru n’Itumanaho)

Stanislas NIYIBIZI na Prudence NSENGIYUMVA bari bahagarariye (Holland); Théophile MURAYI, (United States of America); Justin BAHUNGA, (United Kingdom); Joram MUSHIMIYIMANA (Namur Luxembourg); Jean Paul Christian USANASE, (Aalost); Tharcisse NSENGIMANA (Bruxelles); BAHEMBERA Eric (Germany); Bonaventure NSABIMANA (Anvers); Benoît RUGUMAHO (Sweden); Wenceslas REMIE (Swiss); Dismas NDAHAYO (Lyon)na Emmanuel DUKUZEMUNGU (Orléans).

Abandi bahagarariye amashami ya FDU ni: Jean Baptiste RUMAGIHWA (Dendermonde); Déogratias MISAGO (Paris) na Enock NSENGIMANA (Tournai). Hakaba n’abari bahagarariye Komite y’akarere k’Ububiligi ari bo: Oswald NSENGIYUMVA, Marcel SEBATWARE, Straton NDUWAYEZU, Antoine NIYITEGEKA, Augustin MUNYANEZA (ushinzwe fundraising) na Ladislas NIWENSHUTI.

Ku itariki ya 2/7/2017 FDU-Inkingi ishami ryo mu Bubiligi ryashyizeho inzego z’ubuyobozi. Abashyizweho ni abagize Komite Nyobozi: Me Innocent TWAGIRAMUNGU (Perezida); Me Patrice Rudatinya MBONYUMUTWA (Visi-Perezida); Frédéric NDINDA (Umunyamabanga Mukuru) na Straton NDUWAYEZU (Umubitsi akaba na Komiseri ushinzwe Umutungo).

Bashyizeho n’Abakomiseri: Madame Primitiva MUKARWEGO (Diplomasi); Joram MUSHIMIYIMANA (Ingamba, Politiki n’Igenamigambi); Tharcisse NSENGIMANA (Ubukangurambaga); Clothilde RWAMBONERA (Urubyiruko n’ikoranabuhanga rigezweho); Augustin MUNYANEZA (Umutekano); Béatrice UWIMANA (Uburinganire n’imibereho y’Umugore; Bonaventure NSABIMANA (Imibereho Myiza); Gaspard MUSABYIMANA (Amakuru n’Itumanaho; Ladislas NIWENSHUTI (Impunzi, Gutuza abantu n’ibikoresho.)

Banashyizeho na Komite y’Inyangamugayo igizwe na Dr. Jean Baptiste BUTERA na Dr. Oswald NSENGIYUMVA.

Nyuma y’iminsi 10 IVUmuhoza afunguwe nanditse inyandiko ifite umutwe ‘Victoire Ingabire si umunyapolitiki, na FDU-Inkingi ikwiye gucibwa vuba’. Kuba IVUmuhoza yaragiriwe icyizere akayobora RDR yashinzwe n’abajenosideri ruharwa, ni ikimenyetso cy’uko yari azwi ho ibitekerezo iryo huriro rishingiyeho.

BBC-Gahuza ikwiye kwibutswa ibyo izi kandi bihari byanditswe kenshi, ariko ikabyirengagiza. Inama ishyiraho RDR yo ku wa 3/4/1995 yayobowe na Major Gen.  Augustin BIZIMUNGU mu gihe umwanditsi wayo yari Major Aloys NTABAKUZE (bombi bakatiwe na ICTR gufungwa igihe kirekire kubera Jenoside). Hari abandi bari muri iyo nama bazwi ko bagize uruhare muri Jenoside n’ubwo batagejejwe mu nkiko.

Hari abandi basirikare binjijwe mu buyobozi bwa RDR nka Col. Tharcisse Renzaho na Aloys Ntiwiragabo. Col Renzaho azasazira muri Gereza kubera Jenoside. Ntiwiragabo ari aho arihisha nka Kabuga Felicien wari umuterankunga wa RDR.

Hari Brigadier-General Gratien KABILIGI wungirije umukuru w’Inzirabwoba guhera kuwa 17/4/1994. Kurekurwa kwe na ICTR ntigukuraho amateka amushyira mu buyobozi bw’ingabo zakoze Jenoside agakomeza no kuyikora ageze muri Zaire. Charles NDEREYEHE, Aloys NGENDAHIMANA, Lieutenant na Colonel BEM Juvénal BAHUFITE bari muri iyo nama. Kimwe na Major Ntabakuze, bose bari abanyamigabane b’ibanze ba RTLM. Umwihariko wa Charles Ndereyehe ni uko ari mubashinze icyitwa Cercle de Republicain kigatangiza CDR. Uko ari batatu bari abayobozi bakomeye mu gihe cya Jenoside.

Ndereyehe muri CRP, RDR (yasimbuwe na IVumuhoza none ari muri FDU-Inkingi. Mu buyobozi bwa RDR umuvugizi wabo yari Joseph Bukeye alias Chris Nzabandora. Ni muri FDU-Inkingi araganje nkuko bigaragara hejuru. Ni ukwibutsa BBC-Gahuza n’undi ugishidikanya.

Ushaka kumva RDR ya IVUmuhoza na Ndereyehe, reba abanyamuryango babo ba RDR mu ishami rya Cameroun. Abo ni Col. Theoneste BAGOSORA, Dr. Ferdinand NAHIMANA, Jean Bosco BARAYAGWIZA, AnatoIe NSENGIYUMVA, Laurent  SEMANZA,  Telesphore BIZIMUNGU, Andre  NTAGERURA, Jean-Baptiste BUTERA, Augustin RUZINDANA,  Col. Felicien MUBERUKA,  Michel BAKUZAKUNDI na Pasteur MUSABE.

Aba uko ari 12, uretse 6 muri bo, abandi banyuze imbere ya ICTR, batanu muri bo bahamwa n’ibyaha. Mubataragejejwe mu bucamanza, hari umwe wapfuye mbere atarafatwa. Muri aba banyamuryango ba RDR bari abanyamuryango b’ikubitiro ba radiyo RTLM uretse 2 gusa. Uyu Michel Bakuzakundi na Ferdinand Nahimana ari mubatangije Cercle de Republicain Progressiste (CRP) kimwe na Ndereyehe wa FDU-Inkingi.

Iyo umuntu avuze kuba muri RTLM, uretse abantu babiri bari kuri urwo rutonde bakitandukanya narwo, igice kinini cy’abari abanyamuryango babaye abicanyi ruharwa. Abayobozi hafi ya bose ba MRND, CDR, Abasirikare n’Abacuruzi bakomeye na Komite y’Interahamwe ku rwego rw’igihugu bari abanyamuryango ba RTLM. Ibi BBC-Gahuza yagombye kuba ibizi.

Bamwe mu bayobozi ba FDU-Inkingi bari abanyamuryango ba RTLM ndetse bamwe ari n’abayobozi batanga umurongo. Urugero ni Gaspar MUSABYIMANA wari muri Comité d’Initiative yo gushinga RTLM. Uyu, nyuma yo kubona RTLM imarishije abantu, ubu ni umuyobozi wa Radio-Inkingi ya FDU-Inkingi. Joseph BUKEYE yari acanye maremare muri RTLM.

Dr. Jean Baptiste BUTERA witwa inyangamugayo na FDU, yari umuyobozi w’Ishyaka ryitwa PECO. Iri rikaba ari rimwe mu mashyaka yaciwe Jenoside ikirangira kimwe na MRND/CDR/PADER/RAMARWANDA n’andi nk’ayo. PECO, nk’ishyaka, ryari rimwe mubanyamigabane ba RTLM. Ni nkuko Hassan NGEZE atitangiye umugabane akinjizamo ikinyamakuru Kangura. Justin BAHUNGA wari maneko wa Habyarimana muri Uganda, nawe yabaye umunyamuryango w’imena wa RTLM.

Mu bayobozi ba FDU-Inkingi nerekanye mbere, bamwe mu bari muri RTLM itaranatangira ni Joseph MUSHYANDI, Bonaventure NSABIMANA na Joram MUSHIMIYIMANA. Innocent TWAGIRAMUNGU bivugwa ko yari Perezida wa CDR mu ishami ry’Amategeko i Mburabuturo (1993-4).

Major Pierre-Claver KARANGWA ntiyari yoroshye muri leta y’Ikinani. Maj. KARANGWA yari ashinzwe ubutasi muri Jandarumori ya ex-FAR. Ari mu bantu bavugwa mu bwicanyi bw’ibihumbi by’ Abatutsi biciwe muri Komini Mugina. Ibyo BBC-Gahuza yavuga ko itabizi mbere y’uko iha ijambo IVUmuhoza wabo?

Nkiko NSENGIMANA yari umuntu wamenyekanye cyane mu 1993 ayobora Ikigo IWACU-Kabusunzu ho yabaye umuhuza w’icyaje kuvamo MDR-PAWA. Nyuma ya Pawa gukora ishyano mu Rwanda yakomereje mu mushinga wo guhakana no gupfobya Jenoside akorana cyane na Dr. James GASANA. Hari na Sixbert MUSANGAMFURA utazibagirana kuba mu 1992 yarashishikarije Abahutu kwica Abatutsi akoresheje ikinyamakuru cye ISIBO No 27.

Mado Bicamumpaka, umukobwa wa Barthazar Bicamumpaka akaba na mushiki wa Jerome BICAMUMPAKA wabaye Minisitiri w’Ububanyi n’Amahanga wa SINDIKUBWABO na KAMBANDA kuba akorana na Rudatinya MBONYUMUTWA babonye umwanya wabo muri FDU-Inkingi.

Nanditse bake cyakora urebye ariya mazina y’abayobozi ba FDU-Inkingi, ishusho rusange yari ikwiye kwereka abashidikanya ku nkomoko ya IVUmuhoza n’umutwe we w’Inkorashyano. Kuyoboka FDU no kuyivugira nkuko BBC-Gahuza ibikora, ni ugushyigikira Jenoside mu buryo butaziguye.

Igihe cyose uzashaka kumenya abo abateguye Jenoside n’abo muri FDU-Inkingi uzajye ubanza ushakire aha: 1) Urutonde rw’abanyeshuri n’abatoza b’ubugome na Jenoside

2) Urutonde rw’Abanyamigabane b’Ibanze ba Radio Television des Mille Collines (R.T.L.M.)

Na: Ndahiro Tom

Amateka y’u Rwanda ntiyakwibagirwa Umusuwisi witwa Denis Gilles Vuillemin wabaye umuhamya wa Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi 1963-4. Kugirango ubwo bwicanyi bumenyekane ahanini byaturutse kuri Denis Vuillemin. Uretse kumenyesha ibitangazamakuru mpuzamahanga iby’iyo Jenoside yakorwaga, yagiye yandika mu ikayi ibyo yabonye, yavuze, yakoze n’abo yavuganye nabo.

Denis Vuillemin avuga ko ku itariki ya 28 Mutarama 1964 yanyuze i Gihindamuyaga mu bapadiri b’aba Benedictins. Aho Igihindamuyaga, umukuru wabo yamubwiye ko abona ibyabaye (kwicwa kw’Abatutsi) byari ngombwa. Yabwiye Vuillemin ngo igihe kirageze cyo kugira ngo Abatutsi bibwirize bisyigingize: “il est temps que les Batutsi s’humilient”.

Ndashimira Dr. Bizimana Jean Damascene watumye menya ibyavuzwe n’Umubenedigitini w’umugabo mu 1964, nkabasha kubihuza n’ibyabaye nyuma y’imyaka 30. Mu 1994 umubikira Gertrude Consolata Mukangango bahuje umuryango, yicishije Abatutsi, i Sovu hakurya y’Igihindamuyaga. Narabaririje menya ko uwari mukuru w’abamonaki b’Igihindamuyaga muri Mutarama 1964 yari Padiri Baudouin Oldenhove.

Kuba Monasiteri za Sovu na Gihindamuyaga zituranye bifite amateka. Abashinze umuryango w’Ababenedictine mu Rwanda n’ahandi ni Ababiligikazi, bafite ‘Inzu Mbyeyi’ i Maredret mu Bubiligi, na basaza babo b’Ababenedictin b’i Gihindamuyaga bakagira ‘Inzu Mbyeyi’ i Maredsous hakurya ya Maredret.

Igwingira ritagira umupaka

Iyi nyandiko irasuzuma igwingira ry’Umubikira Gertrude Mukangango, Jerome Gastaldi, iry’Abapadiri Edouard Sinayobye na Linguyeneza Venuste n’umulayiki  wize Thewologiya Laurien Ntezimana. Ndahera kuri Gertrude Mukangango.

Kugirango nkurikirane igwingira ry’aba bantu batanu, byatewe n’igitabo cya Jerome Gastaldi cyitwa ‘Rwanda 1994. La Parole de Soeur Gertrude. Editions Saint –Augustin 2018, Saint – Maurice, Suisse.’ Nanakanguwe n’ikiganiro cya Dr. J.D.Bizimana cyo ku wa 12 Ukwakira uyu mwaka cyatumye mva i Nyamagabe nkareba uko Sovu na Gihindamuyaga haturanye hagahuza n’amateka ya Jenoside mu bayobozi b’abo bamonaki.

Ibyinshi biri muri iyi nyandiko biva muri icyo gitabo, ibindi biri mu makuru azwi nkaba narayavuganye na benshi bakurikiranye iki kibazo kandi bakaba bayahagararaho. Byafashe igihe nsemuza.

Jerome Gastaldi, bigaragara ko fatanyije na nyir’ubwite, n’abambari be baza kuvugwamo. Jerome Gastaldi avuga ko ari Umufaransa, akaba injenyeri, ko atari umunyapolitiki cyangwa umunyamakuru. Anavuga ko yabaye mu bihugu byinshi bya Afurika akabikunda, harimo n’iby’Ibiyaga bigari ndetse n’u Rwanda, bimwe akaba yarabyigiyemo igisirikari (service militaire).

Nko kwiyerurutsa, Gastaldi avuga ko nta kindi cyari kumutera ubutwari bwo kwandika iki gitabo uretse umutimanama we, hakiyongeraho kuba yarabonanye na Sr. Gertrude n’inshuti ze ziri bugarukweho. Byamugizeho ingaruka atumva. Yamize bunguri ibitekerezo byabo bimugiraho ingaruka zo kugwingira mu myumvire.

Gastaldi agaruka ku rubanza rwa Sr. Gertrude rwabereye i Buruseli rukamuhamya icyaha cya Jenoside kuwa 8 Kamena 2001, we na Sr. Julienne Mukabutera Kizito bafatanyije tutari bunatindeho. Ibyanditswe mu gitabo, bikomoka ku bibazo umwanditsi yabazaga Sr. Mukangango akamusubiza.

Uwakurikiye agashaka kumenya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda, azi ibihumbi by’Abatutsi biciwe mu mazu y’i Sovu, no hafi yaho birukanywe na Sr. Gertrude afatanyije n’inzego z’ubuyobozi n’Interahamwe. Uyu mwicanyi ucyitwa umubikira yafashe iya mbere, yihamagarira kwizanira ababica n’ababirukana bakabica umugenda. Barenga ibihumbi birindwi.

Mw’ibaruwa yandikiye uwari Burugumestri wa Komine Huye kuwa 5 Gicurasi 1994, Gertrude ubwe yiyemerera ko kuva yasinya iyo baruwa yiziritseho igisasu (“A cet instant précis, je venais de signer ma condamnation. Cette lettre a été au centre de l’acte d’accusation. Elle sera considérée comme la preuve tangible de ma culpabilité”. Biri ku rupapuro rwa 112.

Mukangango avuga ko uwanditse iyo baruwa atari we ahubwo ari Gaspar Rusanganwa wari Assistant Burugumesitri. Ngo we yarasinye gusa!

Bivuze ngo kuva nshyize umukono kuri iyi baruwa nasinyiye guhamwa n’ icyaha. Iriya baruwa ni yo yagendeweho mu kirego cyanshinje. Yabaye ikimenyetso gifatika cy’uguhamwa n’icyaha kwanjye); kandi Gertrude akavuga ko yahuruje abayobozi ntacyo abwiye bagenzi be, kandi yari afitemo abajyanama. Ibyo byose abivuga muri iki gitabo.

Monastere N.D. de l’Annonciation

B.P. 232 Butare, Sovu, le 5 mai 1994

Impamvu: Gusaba abayobozi uburinzi

Bwana Burgumestri,

 Muri ibi byumweru bishize, hari abantu baje muri Monasteri y’i Sovu ku buryo busanzwe, ni ukuvuga nk’abashyitsi batarenzaga icyumweru, cyangwa abari mu butumwa, n’abandi bazanywe no gusenga cyangwa kuruhuka.

 Kuva aho intambara iyogoreje igihugu, hari abandi bagiye baza  mu kajagari bakaba badashaka kuva hano, kandi nta bushobozi dufite bwo kuhabagumisha duciye ku mategeko. Hashize iminsi nsabye abategetsi ba Komini kuza kubategeka gusubira iwabo cyangwa kujya ahandi bashaka kuba, kuko hano muri monasteri nta bushobozi tugifite bwo kubatunga.

Bwana Burgumestri, ndabasaba nkomeje ko ibyo bitarenza itariki ya 6/05/1994. Byose bigomba kuba byarangiye kuri iriya tariki kugira ngo imirimo isanzwe ya Monasteri ikomeze nta nkomyi.

        Mbaragije Imana mu masengesho yacu,

        Umubikira Mukuru, Mama Gertrude Consolata Mukangango’

Umwicanyi w’umubikira Mukangango ni muntu ki?

Mukangango ni umunyarwandakazi nkuko amazina ye abyerekana. Ni n’izina ryiza ritari irigenurano. Yavukiye i Kinyambi mu cyahoze ari Komini Runda, paruwasi Kamonyi, muri Gitarama kuwa 15 Kanama 1958. Gertrude Mukangango atarajya kwiha Imana yitwaga Consolata Mukangango. Avuga ko se yari Umututsi ariko akaza kubona indangamuntu y’Ubuhutu muri Repubulika ya mbere. Nyina wa Mukangango, ngo yari Umuhutukazi.

Nabajije abantu bamuzi b’i Kinyambi bambwira ko se wa Sr. Mukangango yitwa Francois Kagwiza akaba atari Umututsi nkuko umukobwa we abivuga. Niba guhindura ubwoko yarabikoze ngo abeho, n’umukobwa we yashishikariye gukorera Abatutsi Jenoside ngo atitandukanya na se. Izina rya nyina bambwiye ni rimwe, ngo yitwaga Cecile.

Sr. Mukangango yavuye iwabo ajya kwiha Imana mu Muryango w’Ababenedictine i Sovu muri diyosezi ya Butare. Yinjiye mu ba Benedictine kuwa 6 Mutarama 1978. Yize ishuli ry’imyuga bitaga Ecole Familiale (gutaka, kudoda n’indi mirimo yo mu rugo) mu Babikira b’Ababernardine iwabo ku Kamonyi.

Sr. Mukangango yafashe amasezerano ya burundu mu muryango w’Ababenedictine kuwa 29 Mutarama 1984. Yaje kujya kwiga Tewolojiya mu Bubiligi, agarutse ashingwa kurera abitegura kwiha Imana (Noviciat). Ibi bikagaragaza icyizere yagiriwe hakiri kare n’abakuru be bo mu Bubiligi.

Kuwa 2 Nyakanga 1993 yatorewe kuba umukuru w’Umuryango i Sovu, bityo aba Umunyarwandakazi wa mbere uyoboye uwo muryango aho kuva washingwa mu mwaka w’ 1959. Ubaye umukuru wa Sovu ayobora n’ikigo cya Kigufi muri diyosezi ya Nyundo.

Sr. Gertruda yivugira ko bitamworoheye kuyobora Umuryango ngo kuko hari harimo abamurwanyaga bavuga ko nta bunararibonye afite, bityo ngo mu Muryango hakaba amakimbirane, ariko abazungu bakamushyigikira, ari abo babanaga, ari n’abakuru babo bo mu Bubiligi. Akavuga ko Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994 akiri muri icyo gihirahiro. Ukuri kwabyo ni ikindi kintu cyazigwa. Ibyo aribyo byose sibyo byamuteye kwishora muri Jenoside.

Leta y’AbaJenosideri itsinzwe, Sr. Mukangango na bagenzi be bahungishijwe n’Abafaransa. We yajyanye na bamwe muri bagenzi be i Murambi muri Nyamagabe y’ubu, bakomezanya i Bulayi. Abandi basigaye bagera kw’icyenda batagize amahirwe yo kujyanwa n’abafaransa, bishwe n’Interahamwe, bicirwa i Ndago muri Nyaruguru. Mu bishwe harimo Umuhutukazi umwe, Soeur Julienne wakomokaga i Cyangugu.

Ivangura riganisha ku rupfu

Ese byagenze bite ngo abo babikira b’Abatutsikazi babe ari bo basigwa mu maboko y’Interahamwe rukarabankaba? Ntawareka kwibaza niba hatarimo akagambane ka Mukangango n’Abafaransa banze kubakiza Interahamwe, banga kuvanaho bariyeri yazo kandi izindi modoka zababuriye.

Nkuko bivugwa, ubwo bari baherekeje abahungiraga i Burundi, bageze i Nyanza mu Murenge wa Ngera, Interahamwe zibayobereza mu Nyakibanda. Bwakeye berekeza iya Nyaruguru bibwira ko bazagera ku Gikongoro, bicirwa i Ndago hafi y’ahubatse Akarere ka Nyaruguru, bigizwemo uruhare na Damien Biniga wari Suprefe, na Padiri Anaclet Sebahinde wari omoniye wa Jandarumori.

Abo babikira bicanywe na Padiri Francois Ngomirakiza wari utwaye imodoka yabo, na Padiri Vianney Sebera bari kumwe. Undi mupadiri Michel Munyeshyaka bari kumwe ntacyo bamutwaye. Padiri Michel Munyeshyaka niwe watwaye ya modoka ayishyira ababikira i Murambi barimo Sr. Mukangango, arababwira ngo ngiyi imodoka yanyu, ababikira banyu babishe.

Amakuru namenye ni uko uwo Padiri Munyeshyaka yarinze azira urw’ikirago nta bundi buhamya aratanga ku rupfu rw’abo babikira n’abapadiri biciwe i Ndago.

Bageza i Bulayi, Sr. Gertrude Mukangango, ibimuvugwaho yakoze i Sovu byatangiye kwandikwa mu binyamakuru hirya no hino, mu Rwanda n’i Bulayi.  Ageze i Burayi aratanguranwa nta kirego kiramutangwaho, atangira kwandika yiregura ntawe uramurega.

Yagiye ahitwa Emerton mu kigo cy’Abadominikani (Maison Dominicaine), ahategurira amatangazo agenewe abanyamakuru yiregura. Rimwe ni iryo ku irariki ya 31 Kanama 1995, irindi rikaba iryo ku ya 4 Nzeri 1995. Mbere y’uko atangira kuburana urwa ndanze, yari yarabanje gutatanya ababikira bose mu bigo bitandukanye byo mu Bubiligi, kugira ngo batazajya inama yo gusobanura ibyabereye i Sovu n’uruhare yabigizemo.

Igihe cy’urubanza kigeze

Urubanza rwa Sr. Mukangango na Sr. Julienne Mukabutera Kizito nirwo rwabaye urwa mbere ku rwego mpuzamahanga kuregwamo abihayimana b’igitsina gore. I Buruseli hagiye abantu barenga 50 bashinja Sr. Gertrude Mukangango na Sr. Mukabutera Kizito. Harimo ‘ababikira bagenzi be. Bombi bakatiwe Mameya imyaka 15, umuja we 12. Bombi ntawamazemo imyaka 3, barafunguwe ngo bitwaye neza muri gereza. Iby’Ababiligi n’abo bagore bitwa ababikira babo b’abicanyi ntawamenya uwagwingiye kurusha undi.

Ubu Sr. Gertrude Mukangango, hakurikijwe amategeko y’Umuryango we, yahisemo ngo kuguma mu Bubiligi ubutagaruka mu Rwanda. Mu gifaransa babyita “Stabilité”. Ariko afite imirimo bamushinze irimo kwakira abashyitsi (Hotellerie) no kurera abashaka kuba ababikira (Maîtresse des novices).

Nimwibaze guha inshingano zikomeye nk’izo umuntu wahamwe n’icyaha nka kiriya, akaba atanacyemera kandi cyaramuhamye ndetse anagishinjwa na bagenzi be n’abandi benshi, akaba atanicuza kubyo yaba atarakoze bikwiye! Abo azakira n’abo azarera azababwira ibindi bihe bitari ibyo kwangisha abantu u Rwanda no guhakana Jenoside? Ubwo igwingira rizaba ryambutse umutwe umwe wa Sr. Gertrude Mukangango rijya mu buyobozi bw’Ababenedictine butumva uburemere bwo kureresha umurozi utazigera aba umurezi.

Iyaba hakurikizwaga ibyo Musenyeri Filipo Rukamba yatangarije ikinyamakuru IGIHE ko bene abo bahamwe na Jenoside batabashinga imirimo ibahuza n’abantu. Ngo babaha nk’iyo mu biro. Myr. Rukamba azagire inama abakuru b’Ababenedictine mu Bubiligi kandi binubahirizwe mu Rwanda muri diyosezi zose.

Sinayobye yayobeye mu bya Mukangango

Reka tuvuge igwingira rya Padiri Sinayobye Edouard n’aho ahuriye na Sr. Gertrude Mukangango. Uyu mupadiri abarizwa muri diyosezi ya Butare, akavuka muri paruwasi ya Higiro, Umurenge wa Kigembe, Akagari ka NYABIKENKE, Umudugudu w’Akabahizi. Padiri Sinayobye ayobora umwaka wa mbere wa Seminari Nkuru bita Propédeutique uri muri paruwasi ya Nyumba.

Padiri Sinayobye yavutse mu mwaka w’1966, ahabwa ubupadiri muw’2000. Akibuhabwa yabanje kuba kuri Katedrali ya Butare ashinzwe Kiliziya ya Mutagatifu Tereza iri kw’i Taba haruguru ya gare ya Huye. Yahavuye ajya kwiga mu Butaliyani harimo n’ibijyanye no kugira inama abantu, cyane cyane abahungabanye (Counseling).

Yitwaje ayo masomo, yifatiye ababikira b’Ababenedictine ngo agamije kubafasha kuvugana ku byabereye mu kigo cyabo biturutse kuri Jenoside yahakorewe mu 1994. Ibyo abikora nyuma y’imyaka 25 Jenoside ibaye, ariko ashingiye kuri kiriya gitabo cya Jerome Gastaldi kuli Sr. Gertrude Mukangango. Arashyashyana agira ngo ababikira bose bemere kandi bemeze ko Sr. Mukangango ari inzirakarengane.

Imikorere ya Padiri Sinayobye n’Ababikira b’i Sovu ni uburyo bushya busa n’ubwa gicengezi. Ntawe uzi impamvu atabikoze kiriya gitabo kitarasohoka. Ikigaragara ni uko icyo agamije ari ugusubiza Sr. Mukangango icyubahiro cye nyuma y’uruhare yagize muri Jenoside.

Igitabo si ibanga abantu barakizi. Padiri Sinayobye ashatse yareka ababikira bagakemura ibibazo byabo akareka kubakomeretsa bari batangiye kwiyubaka. Si we muntu uzakemura ibibazo by’ababikira, kuko ubwabo bazi kumurusha ibyabereye iwabo n’ibikihabera. Si we wababwiriza kuganira nk’aho muri iyi myaka 25 batigeze baganira. Ibyo Padiri Sinayobye arimo ubu, na Musenyeri Simaragde Mbonyintege yarabigerageje birananirana. Myr. Mbonyintege yabikoze akiri Padiri yigisha mu Nyakibanda.

Ibyo yize ashobora kubibonera ahandi abikoresha ahereye kuri bene wabo bo mu Karere ka Gisagara, mu Murenge we wabereyemo amarorerwa arenze urugero. Aho iwabo ni ku mupaka w’Uburundi, amakuru nabonye kandi y’abahazi, ni naho Perezida w’u Burundi Pierre Nkurunziza yacumbikaga aje gushaka abantu azajyana kumufasha gufata ubutegetsi.

Niba Padiri Sinayobye akunda u Rwanda n’abanyarwanda yahera iwabo akigisha bene wabo, kuko ibyo ari byo byose atize gufasha ababikira b’Ababenedictine gusa.  Umuryango nyarwanda ufite abantu benshi cyane bakomerekejwe na Jenoside.

Padiri Sinayobye, niyibande kuri abo bakeneye ubufasha, areke umushinga wo gushaka kweza umwicanyi udakeneye isuku yo mu bwenge n’umutima. Imyaka 61 Sr. Mukangango afite, kuba anangira ku cyaha yakoze n’uko azagipfana, cyane cyane mu gihe afite abamushyigikiye.

Padiri Sinayobye arivanga bucengezi. Ubusanzwe imiryango y’abihayimana igira abitwa ba omoniye. Muri diyosezi ya Butare, omoniye w’uriya muryango ni Padiri Faustin Rutembesa ubu uri Kaminuza Gatulika ya Butare. Niwe ubasomera misa agakora n’indi mirimo ijyanye na roho.

Ntibishoboka ko ibyo Padiri Sinayobye akora yaba yarabitumwe na Musenyeri wa Diyosezi ya Butare. Keretse niba ari k’ubwumvikane bwe n’umukuru w’uriya Muryango. Iyo arimo byo gushaka kugira umwere umwicanyi ruharwa, ni ukuvuruga inkota mu bikomere bariya babikira bagifite kandi bari batangiye kwiyubaka. Bariya babikira bararye bari menge batazagwa muri uwo mutego.

Se w’uyu mupadiri yise umuhungu we Sinayobye. Ikigaragara ubu ni uko utarayobye ari se, umuhungu we yarayobye. Ahubwo azahindure izina asabe kwitwa NARAYOBYE. Ntabwo waba utarayobye ngo wumve ko Sr. Gertrude Mukangango isi izi ko ari umuJenosideri, ngo wowe wumve ko ari umwere. Ntiyayobye gusa yaranagwingiye.

Igwingira ryamuguye neza

Ku mpapuro 149-175 z’igitabo cya Gastaldi yagiranye ikiganiro Padiri Venuste Linguyeneza washoje avuga ko Sr. Gertrude ari umwere. Hari ibintu bigaragaza uburyo Padiri Linguyeneza yagwingiye mu mitekerereze n’imyumvire ku buryo bukabije. Ntiwaba umwere uhamagarira abicanyi abantu baguhungiyeho, ndetse ukajya no kwizanira abo bicanyi.

Waba umwere ute wirukana abaguhungiyeho aho kwemera gupfana na bo? Mu kwezi kwa gatanu Sr. Gertrude yari azi ko ari Jenoside iriho ikorwa mu Rwanda; abicwaga yari azi ko ari Abatutsi. Ashobora ate kuvuga ngo mu kigo cye haje abantu atazi ikibazanye, ngo nibabakize ikigo gikomeze imirimo yacyo? Kubera igwingira, ibyo Padiri Linguyeneza ntabyibaza.

Sr. Mukangango yagendaga hose abona uko mu misozi yose ibintu bimeze. Yahungiweho n’abantu baturutse mu nkengero za Sovu na kure cyane, nka Kigali n’ahandi. Mubahahungiye barimo n’imiryango ya bagenzi be biciwe aho. Kuvuga ko atari azi ikigenza abo bantu ni ubugome bukabije bushingiye no kw’igwingira rirenze.

Padiri Linguyeneza ugira umwere Sr. Mukangango, avuga ko yarwanagaho ubuzima bwabo. Yaba yumva ubwabo bwararushaga iki ubw’abantu ibihumbi bari bamuhungiyeho? Nibyo koko nta bushobozi uwo mubikira yari afite bwo kurwanya abicaga, kimwe n’ibindi bigo byahungiweho n’Abatutsi.

Iyo Sr. Mukangango anambana nabo atagiye gushaka abicanyi kandi azi ko nta kindi bakoraga kitari ukwica, byari kwumvikana. Kuba uzi ko abantu bariho bicwa, kandi ukarenga ukiyambaza abicanyi ngo bagukize abaguhungiyeho bahunga urwo rupfu, ni uko uba ushaka ko bicwa vuba.

Hari undi muntu witwa Laurien Ntezimana na we wifatiye Mameya mushya w’uriya muryango, Sr.Immaculee Umubyeyi. Ntezimana na Narayobye bamugira igikoresho cyabo. Impamvu bashaka kumwigarurira ni uko gucika ku icumu kwa Sr. Umubyeyi byaturutse kuri muramu we Gaspar Rusanganwa wamuhishe kugeza ubwo amupakira mu modoka ihungishije Sr. Mukangango na bagenzi be.

Ni n’uko Umubyeyi yageze i Burayi, akiri umulayiki, Sr. Kukangango akamwinjiza mu muryango. Sr. Umubyeyi ari mubashinjuye abo babikira b’abicanyi mu rukiko i Buruseli, ariko ubuhamya bwe nta gaciro bwahawe kuko ibyabereye i Sovu atabimenye kuko yari yihishe kwa Gaspar Rusanganwa.

Igihe kinini Laurien Ntezimana aba ari mu ari Bubiligi, ariko iyo ari mu Rwanda amakuru mfite ni uko akenshi aba ari i Sovu. Niba nawe ari umuyobozi wa roho waho ntawe ubizi, uretse ko bidashoboka kubera ko ari umulayiki n’ubwo yize tewologiya.

Inama umuntu yagira umukuru wa w’ababikira b’i Sovu ni ukwitandukanya na Ntezimana. Niyo nama ushyira mu gaciro wese yamugira. Laurien Ntezimana ari mu bantu bapfobya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi ku buryo bukabije. Ni ibintu yatangiye igihe gito Jenoside ikirangira.

Mu bavandimwe ba Ntezimana ni Felista Niyitegeka wabaye intwari y’igihugu cy’u Rwanda kubera kurwanya Jenoside ku buryo yemeye guhara ubuzima bwe akicanwa n’abo yahishe. Niyitegeka yakuze neza ntihagira igwingira ry’imitekerereze n’imyumvire rimuhindura igikoresho cy’abajenosideri. Ntezimana akagira n’undi bava indimwe wagwingiye kimwe na we witwa Koloneli Alphonse Nzungize wabaye umujenosideri.

Biracyaza..

Na: Ndahiro Tom

Nk’ubu abantu babona Ingabire Victoire Umuhoza (IVUmuhoza) agenda mu muhanda ntibamenye ko ari umwe mubagize guverinoma. Ntiwihute ubaza uti se ayobora iyihe minisiteri. Nibyo iyi nyandiko ikubwira. Cyakora menya ko yashyizweho akiri n’i Mageragere.

Ibikubiye muri iyi nyandiko wihangane ntibigusetse cyane utabirangije ngo unabyibazeho. Ntunatekereze ko abo turi buvuge bagaragaje igwingira ridasanzwe bari mu ikinamico cyangwa se batakandagiye mu ishuri ngo bige. Barize ariko baragwingira. Ibyo kandi bikaba atari ibyo gusekwa kuko birababaje.

Kuva ku itariki ya 30 Ukwakira 1994 kugeza none kuri 30 Ukwakira 2019 hashize imyaka 25 igitekerezo cyo gushyiraho guverinoma y’u Rwanda ikirera mu buhungiro kivutse kikanashyirwa mu bikorwa.

Guverinoma y’abajenosideri n’ingabo zayo bamaze gutsindwa ntibigeze bemera ko batsinzwe. Nyuma y’amezi make bambutse umupaka bakagana muri Zaire ari yo Repubulika iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo, bumvaga ari iby’igihe gito cyane gishoboka.

Hashingiwe ku byifuzo by’ubuyobozi bukuru bw’ingabo zatsinzwe (ex-FAR) ku itariki 30 Ukwakira 1994, hashizweho guverinoma nshya y’u Rwanda Ikorera mu Buhungiro. Iyo guverino nshya ikaba yari igizwe n’aba bakurikira:

Dr. Théodore SINDIKUBWABO yabaye Perezida wa Repubulika naho Jean KAMBANDA akomeza kuba Minisitiri w’Intebe. Stanislas MBONAMPEKA—Minisitiri w’Ubutabera; Frédéric KAYOGORA—Minisitiri ushinzwe Ubukangurambaga n’Urubyiruko na Callixte KALIMANZIRA—Minisitiri ushinzwe Imibereho Myiza y’Abaturage n’Ibibazo by’Impunzi.

Abandi ni Joseph KARINGANIRE—Minisitiri w’Itangazamakuru; Jérôme BICAMUMPAKA—Minisitiri w’Ububanyi n’Amahanga n’Ubutwererane; Colonel Athanase GASAKE—Minisitiri w’Ingabo na Innocent HABAMENSHI wabaye Minisitiri ushinzwe Umutungo n’Ibikoresho.

Abari muri iyo guverinoma bakomeje akazi kabo aho mu buhungiro bakiyumva koa ari abategetsi kugeza ku itariki ya 29 Mata 1995 ubwo ubuyobozi bwa FAR bukuriwe na Maj.Gen. Augustin BIZIMUNGU bwandikiraga abakuriye iyo guverinoma ko basheshwe kandi ubuyobozi babuha Ihuriro Rishinzwe Gucyura Impunzi na Demokarasi (RDR).

Kuva mu mwaka w’2000 ubuyobozi bwa RDR kugeza ubu bukuriwe na IVUmuhoza, n’ubwo ari Minisitiri mu y’indi guverinoma imeze nk’iya Sindikubwabo ba Kambanda bayoboreye i Bukavu. Abatari bake muri aba bafashwe

Ishema ryo kugwingira

Mu mitwe ya bamwe bemera iby’abakoze guverinoma y’i Bukavu na Goma, nyuma y’imyaka 22, bibimbuye mucyo bise Ishema Party bashyizeho indi guverinoma y’u rwanda ikorera mu buhungiro.

Ku itariki ya 20 Gashyantare 2017 bashyizeho abagize guverinoma bakurikira: Padiri Thomas NAHIMANA—Perezida wa Repubulika; Abdallah AKISHULI—Minisitiri w’Intebe na Madame Nadine Claire KASINGE—Minisitiri w’Intebe wungirije. Minisitiri w’umuco, umuryango, guteza imbere umwari n’umutegarugori aba INGABIRE Victoire UMUHOZA, ariko kubera ko atari ahari bashyiraho Nadine Claire KASINGE ngo amuhagararire abifatanyije n’izindi nshingano.

Abandi bagize iyo guverinoma bari: Madame Immaculée KANSIIME UWIZEYE—Minisitiri w’ububanyi n’amahanga; Bwana Déogratias Mushayidi—Minisitiri w’Ubutaber ariko kubera ko atari ahari bamugirira icyizere bashiraho Bwana Vénant NKURUNZIZA ngo abe amuhagarariye.

Chaste GAHUNDE Minisitiri w’itangazamakuru; Daniel NDUWIMANA Minisitiri w’ubutegetsi bw’igihugu n’iterambere ry’umurenge; Marine UWIMANA Minisitiri w’imari n’ubucuruzi; Chantal MUKAMANA MUTEGA Minisitiri w’Uburezi—Virginie NAKURE—Minisitiri ushinzwe kurengera impunzi no gukemura ikibazo gitera ubuhunzi; Padiri Gaspard NTAKIRUTIMANA—Minisitiri w’ibikorwa-remezo n’imiturire; Jean Léonard SEBURANGA—Minisitiri w’ubuhinzi, ubworozi n’ubutaka; na Spéciose MUJAWAYEZU—Minisitiri w’ubuzima n’imibereho myiza y’abaturage.

Banashyizeho Abavugizi ba Guverinoma ari bo: Chaste GAHUNDE, Immaculée KANSIIME UWIZEYE na Marine UWIMANA.

Nyuma y’amazi 5 hashyizweho iyo guverinoma ikorera mu buhungiro, ku itariki ya 30 Nyakanga 2017, yaravuguruwe.  Perezida wa Guverinoma, kandi Padiri Thomas NAHIMANA, yashyizeho abayobozi b’inzego nkuru z’ “Urukiko Rwa Rubanda”. Uwari Minisitiri w’Intebe Abdallah AKISHULI bamugira Umushinjacyaha Mukuru (Procureur Général) w’Urukiko rwa Rubanda. Vénant NKURUNZIZA yagizwe Umucamanza Mukuru w’Urukiko rwa Rubanda

Perezida yakomeje kuba wa wundi Padiri; Immaculée Kansiime UWIZEYE Ministre w’Intebe agahabwa n’Ububanyi n’Amahanga mu nshingano.

Abandi ni Nadine Claire KASINGE, Déogratias Mushayidi, INGABIRE Victoire UMUHOZA Chaste GAHUNDE; Chantal MUKAMANA MUTEGA; Daniel NDUWIMANA, Marine UWIMANA, Jean Léonard SEBURANGA, Virginie NAKURE, Padiri Gaspard NTAKIRUTIMANA na Spéciose MUJAWAYEZU.

Abavugizi ba guverinoma bakomeje kuba Chaste GAHUNDE, Immaculée KANSIIME UWIZEYE na Marine UWIMANA.

Ku itariki ya 10 Gicurasi 2018 guverinoma yongeye kuvugururwa Padiri w’Ishema ryo kugwingira akomeza kuba Perezida; haboneka Ministiri w’Intebe mushya ari we Madame Speciosa MUJAWAYEZU. IVUmuhoza na Deo MUSHAYIDI icyizere cyarakomeje bakomeza kuba ba minisitiri.

Muri uko guhindura guverinoma bazanyemo Marie Claire MUKAMUGEMA nk’Umuhuzabikorwa w’INTEKO Y’INARARIBONYE. Uyu Mukamugema ni umukobwa wa Dominique MBONYUMUTWA wabaye Perezida wa mbere w’u Rwanda rutarabona n’ubwigenge akaba n’umugore wa Stanislas MBONAMPEKA wabaye Minisitiri w’Ubutabera wa GUVERINOMA Y’U RWANDA IKORERA MU BUHUNGIRO.

Mukamugema ashobora kuba yibaza ko ibyananiye musaza we Shingiro MBOYUMUTWA wabaye Umuyobozi mukuru w’Ibiro bya Jean Kambanda bikananira umugabo we ari we uzabishobora mu “Ishema” ry’ubuswa.

Amasomo batiga

Nyamara abiyita ko barwanya guverinoma y’u Rwanda baratsetsa. Uretse ko banababaje iyo wibutse ko ari abanyarwanda bari bakwiye kuba batekereza neza. Iyo tuvuga igwingira ry’imyumvire n’imitekerereze hari abamaze kubyumva n’abandi basa n’abagishidikanya.

Uwiga ntafate yitwa umuswa. Iyo abo mu Ishema Party bashyiraho guverinoma bibuka ko n’iyari ifite ingabo za ex-FAR yatsinzwe imyaka ikaba irenga 25, ntibaba bigira ayo bigira. IVUmuhoza sindumva avuga ko yitandukanyije n’umwanya wa ‘MINISITIRI’ bamushyizemo kandi ari perezida w’ibindi. Uko kwibeshya ni ikimenyetso cyo kugwingira mu mitekerereze n’imyumvire.

Uko kwibeshya nigeze kukwumva mu kiganiro Tribert RUJUGIRO yigeze kugirana n’umunyamakuru ahakana ko adafatanya n’umutwe w’iterabwoba wa RNC. Rujugiro yireguye avuga ko ngo abaye koko arwanya leta y’u Rwanda bitatwara amezi arenga 6 adahiritse ubutegetsi.

Uko kwibeshya bikabije, nta kindi cyabitera kitari ukugwingira mu mitekerereze. Ntabwo yaba ataragwingiye ngo yiyumvishe ko u Rwanda rw’ubu ari agafu k’ivuga rimwe. Iyo akaba ari nayo ndwara bagenzi be bo muri P5 barwaye.

Ibya RUJUGIRO ni nk’ibya Faustin TWAGIRAMUNGU uretse ko we adashonje mu nda. Ibya FaTwa ubu wungirije uwo yitaga ‘UMUPISHI’ tuzabigarukaho ni birebire. Bananiwe kumva ihuriro ry’aho u Rwanda rugeze ubu n’aho rwavuye. Mu myaka 25 u Rwanda rwavuye ahakomeye rukaba rumaze gukomera rukomejwe no kunyura no kwikura mu nzitane y’ibibazo bitoroshye kandi ahanini ari abanyarwanda babyikoreye ubwabo

Biracyaza…

Na: Ndahiro Tom

Hari abantu amateka y’isi atibagirwa. Hari abibukirwa ku byiza cyane baba barakoze, hakaba n’abibukirwa ku bibi cyane bakoze. Iyo ubirebye, icyibukwa cyane si umuntu. Icyo abantu bibuka n’icyakozwe n’umuntu.

Mu mateka y’u Rwanda, kubayakurikirana cyane, bibuka umunyarwandakazi witwa NYIRARUMAGA wabaye ikirangirire kubera ibisigo, ndetse akaba yarabaye intebe y’inteko ya mbere y’abasizi mu gihugu cyacu. Abandi banyarwandakazi bazahora bibukwa ku butwari bwabo ni Agatha UWILINGIYIMANA na Felista NIYITEGEKA.

Uko kwibukirwa ku byiza abo banyarwandakazi bakoze, ni nako abagore nka Pauline NYIRAMASUHUKO, Valerie BEMERIKI, Ingabire Victoire UMUHOZA, Thabitha GWIZA, n’abandi bazibukwa ku mahano bakoze mu mateka y’u Rwanda.

General Fred Gisa RWIGEMA, Michel RWAGASANA, Faustin RUCOGOZA bari mu bantu bazazirikanwa n’amateka mu buryo bwo kwifuza kubigiraho. Ututonde rw’abakoze ibyiza bihebuje si ruto si na runini cyane. Kuvuga ko Perezida Kagame hari habi yakuye u Rwanda akarugeza heza habasha kuvugwa si amakabyankuru.

Sinashatse kuvuga iby’abagabo b’Abanyarwanda bakoze ibibi cyane, n’ubwo bahari nka Theoneste BAGOSORA, Anastase MAKUZA, Leon MUGESERA n’abandi ishyano ryose.

Hari Abanyarwanda mperutse kuvuga ubuhemu bwabo muri make cyane ariko bibaye ngombwa ko mbugarukaho. Mbugarutseho kuko hari uko nabyanditse, bamwe, n’ubwo ari bake cyane, babyumva uko bitari. Ikitumvikanye neza kirasobanurwa.

Mu w’1959 Joseph HABYARIMANA GITERA, mu mbwirwaruhame ye y’i Ngoma mu mujyi wa Huye, yatangaje amategeko icumi y’urwango ku Batutsi. Muri ayo mategeko y’Abahutu, hari iribwira Abahutu gusyigingiza Abatutsi kugeza aho biba. Nyuma y’imyaka itagera kuri itanu Anastase MAKUZA ahitishamo Abatutsi ngo nibahunge, bahore, bahoore cyangwa se bahonge.

Bose guhunga ntibyari gushoboka kuko rimwe na rimwe bitorohaga. Guhoora byo kwihorera byo ntaho byashobokaga. Icya ngombwa cyari ukubaho kubera ko abari nyiramukubitwa nta n’ububasha bari bafite. Birumvikana ko nta kuntu Abatutsi bari kuburana n’ubahamba.

Hari guhonga byo kwigura byakorwaga aho Umututsi yari ari, ari mu gihugu no mu mahanga yahungiye. Guhonga byarakozwe kuko byarashobokaga. Ibyo bikazamo gutanga ikiguzi icyo ari icyo cyose ngo bucye kabiri. Mu mahanga abantu bahinduye amazina ngo bige ndetse hagira bamwe bihakana ubunyarwanda bwabo ngo babone amaramuko. Icyiza n’uko Inkotanyi zabagaruriye agaciro bagasa n’ubuyanja bugarurwa n’uwari urwaye.

Hari no guhonga nk’amababi y’igiti cyakubiswe n’izuba cyangwa insina zarwaye kirabiranya, ari byo GITERA yitaga gusyigingiza. Mu Rwanda, hari Abatutsi bamwe, uretse ko ari bake cyane ku buryo babarika, barahonze barakabya banagera aho bagira ubutoni budasanzwe burusha ubw’Abahutu. Muri abo hari n’abagize uruhare rwo kwica Abatutsi mu gihe cya Jenoside.

Uku kuri kw’amateka y’imibereho mibi y’Abatutsi batewe na Leta ya Parmehutu na MRND niko nagaragaje. Uwacitse ku icumu rya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi wabyumvise ukundi ndizera ko noneho asobanukiwe. Utabizi azasome igitabo cya Antoine MUGESERA  Imibereho y’Abatutsi kuri Repuburika ya 1 n’iya 2 bazumva neza akarengane k’Abatutsi nkunda gukomozaho.

Hari umunyapolitiki Callixte HABAMENSHI wise Abatutsi ‘INDA’ (utu dusimba tuzanwa n’umwanda) abantu baraceceka, na nyuma ya Jenoside turamwihorera apfa neza ashajishijwe neza n’abo yise izo nda zo mu myenda itameswa n’umusatsi w’abatiyuhagira. Ubwo kandi yabitaga inda ari bo yashatsemo, ukibaza niba abana be yarababonagamo izindi nda!

Guhonga ukarinda urunduka

Muri abo navugaga bakabije ubutoni kurusha abandi ni Antoine NYETERA washaje mu mwaka w’2012. NYETERA yarahonze arinda arunduka, amateka ye akaba akwiye kumenyekana. Amateka ye ni ngombwa kuyabwira abatayazi n’abazavuka kuko ibyo yakoze birenze ukwemera ariko hakaba hari abashaka kuyazimangatanya ndetse hakaba n’abaharanira kuyagira meza kandi nta bwiza na buke yigeze.

Ku isonga ry’abasingiza Antoine NYETERA utabikwiye, ahanini ni abajenosideri nyirizina. Abandi ni abahakana bakanapfobya icyo cyaha nkuko nigeze kubyandika kera. Kanda aha usome aho navuze (2013) ko NYETERA “Yagiye asize umwanda mwishi mu mateka”. Undi ni umukobwa we Denise NYETERA, ntari nzi, nkaza kumumenya mwumvise ku maradiyo yo kuri murandasi.

Imwe muri ayo maradiyo numviseho icyo Denise aburanira se, yavuganaga na Aloys SIMPUNGA ushinjwa Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi. Nongeye no kumwumva avugana na Agnes MUKARUGOMWA uzwi nk’umukangurambaga w’ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside.

Hari n’ibindi yavugiye kuri murandasi ari nabyo byatumye biba ngombwa ko mvuga Antoine NYETERA ngo Abanyarwanda bamumenye. Denise yavuze ko navuze NYETERA kubera kutamumenya, ko yari umuntu wavugishaga ukuri, “nta muntu yatukaga”, akaba umuntu “utemeraga ubuhake”, ko nibasiraga umuryango we n’abacitse ku icumu…..n’andi nk’ayo.

Aloys SIMPUNGA na Agnes MUKARUGOMWA bafite ibitekerezo bahuriyeho na Antoine NYETERA. Ibyo bitekerezo bikaba ari ukwanga leta y’u Rwanda muri rusange na FPR Inkotanyi by’umwihariko. Ikindi kibahuza ni uguhakana no gupfobya  birangwa cyane no gushinjura abakoze Jenoside mu Rukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha (ICTR) rwakoreraga Arusha.

Simpunga yagiye gushinjura Colonel Tharcise RENZAHO wayoboraga umujyi wa Kigali MUKARUGOMWA ashinjura Mathieu Ngirumpatse wari Perezida wa MRND. NYETERA yabashinjuye bombi. Hari icyo NYETERA yarushije aba bombi.

Mbona Antoine NYETERA bwa mbere twahuriye muri ICTR, Arusha muri Tanzania ku itariki ya 11 Gashyantare 2002, ari umutangabuhamya ushinjura umujenosideri Laurent Semanza. Nongeye guhurira nawe mu rukiko i Paris mu Bufaransa ku itariki 23 Nzeri 2008 aho yari umutangabuhamya ushinjura Pierre PEAN.

Muri urwo rubanza rwa Pierre Pean, NYETERA yari yaje kwemeza ko Abanyarwanda, cyane cyane Abatutsi bose barangwa n’umuco wo kubeshya. Erega umukobwa we Denise agatinyuka akavuga ko umubyeyi we atatukananaga. Uzi gutuka igihugu? Muri urwo rubanza umushinjacyaha yaramubajije ati “ko watubwiye ko uri Umututsi kandi w’igikomangoma, icyatuma urukiko rwemera ko ibyo uvuze ari ukuri ni iki”?

Umusaza NYETERA yariye iminwa, atunganya neza ikoti rye ry’umukara yari yambaye asubiza ko uretse we nta wundi munyarwanda uvugisha ukuri uretse we.  Denise niba ashidikanya yabaza mubyara we wari muri urwo rukiko ari mu batangabuhamya bashinja Pean.

Nyuma y’urubanza rw’i Paris negereye NYETERA ndamuramutsa, yarikanze ambaza uko nitwa ndamwibwira namwibutsa ko duherukana muri corridor za ICTR, Arusha aho jye na Theodore Simburudali twamusanze yivugisha ajugunya amaboko hirya no hino kandi ntawe bari kumwe.

Mugenzi wanjye yaramuramukije ati “Uraho Nyete…”? Aho gusubiza yaretse kwivugisha arakomeza aragenda kuko yari amaze gusebera mu rukiko kuko yari yavuze ibintu bitagira epfo na ruguru, mu kinyabupfura bamushimira kuba yarafashe urugendo akaza Arusha mu izina ry’ubutabera.

Mubwiye ibya Arusha yakanuye amaso nkaho hari icyo bimwibukije. Kuko ntashakaga gutindana nawe namubajije mu ijwi risa niryongorera kuko ntashakaga ko hari undi ubyumva. Nti: “Ese uko usa uko, uko ureshya n’imyaka yawe, iyo wirirwa mu nkiko ubeshya ukabeshyera igihugu cyawe ushyigikira abahekuye u Rwanda wumva utazasiga umugani”? Yahengetse umunwa, arawukaraga kabiri iburyo n’ibumoso nk’uhema ijuru n’isi musiga aho kuko ntari nkeneye igisubizo cye.

Nyuma y’amezi atanu Antoine NYETERA yagiye gushinjura, ku itariki ya 11 Nyakanga 2002 yari mu rukiko Arusha ari umutangabuhamya ushinjura mu rubanza rwa André NTAGERURA, Emmanuel BAGAMBIKI na Lieutenant Samuel IMANISHIMWE. Nyuma y’imyaka ine n’igice ku wa 26 Nzeri 2006 yari Arusha ashinjura mu rubanza rwaburanishwagamo Jérôme-Clément BICAMUMPAKA, Casimir BIZIMUNGU, Justin MUGENZI  na Prosper MUGIRANEZA.

Mu mwaka w’2007 Antoine NYETERA yasaga n’uwibera Arusha kuko yahagendaga cyane agiyeyo nk’umutangabuhamya ushinjura abajenosideri. Ku itariki ya 12 Werurwe 2007 yari mu rukiko avugira Protais ZIGIRANYIRAZO. Yasubiye yo ku ya 4 Kamena 2007 gukora nk’ibyo mu rubanza rwaburanishirizwagamo General Augustin NDINDILIYIMANA, Major François-Xavier NZUWONEMEYE, Captain Innocent SAGAHUTU na General Augustin BIZIMUNGU.

Nyuma y’ukwezi kumwe, ku itariki ya 5 Nyakanga 2007 yari mu rukiko aburanira Colonel Tharcise RENZAHO. Ku itariki 5 Ukwakira 2007 yari muri urwo rukiko aburanira Simon BIKINDI. NYETERA yararuhutse aza gusubira Arusha, ku itariki ya 16 Kamena 2009 yari mu rukiko aburanira Colonel Ephrem SETAKO. Na none yararuhutse, ku wa 21 Ukwakira 2010 yari umutangabuhamya ushinjura mu rubanza rw’abayobozi bakuru ba MRND,Mathieu NGIRUMPATSE na Edouard KAREMERA. Urebye neza NYETERA yaciye umuhigo wo gushinjura abajenosideri. Nta munyarwanda cyangwa umunyamahanga waba waritabajwe n’abajenosideri nka we.

Nyetera kuburanira yabitewe n’iki? Urukundo yabakunze yarukuye he? Ubutoni yagize mu gihe cya PARMEHUTU na MRND rukamwangisha Inkotanyi ni ubuhe. Uretse ibyo umukobwa we yatubwiye mu kiganiro yagiranye na Agnes MUKARUGOMWA, bizaza mu nyandiko izakurikira iyi.

Na: Ndahiro Tom

Baca umugani mu Kinyarwanda ngo “Ibisa birasabirana”. Nta gitangaza kwumva Denise Nyetera ari umushyitsi w’amaradiyo yo kuri murandasi ayoborwa na Agnes MUKARUGOMWA, Aloys SIMPUNGA na Gaspar MUSABYIMANA.  Uyu mugani nywibukijwe n’ikiganiro MUKARUGOMWA yahitishije kuri radiyo ye asingiza umujenosideri Simoni BIKINDI wapfuye ku wa 15 Ukuboza 2018.

Ku itariki ya 20 Ukuboza 2018 MUKARUGOMWA ati: “Urabeho Bikindi. Urabeho Rutimirwa. Urabeho Mutabazi.” Yise Bikindi intwari, mu muvugo yamutuye amwibutsa ko “Ibisa bisabirana” amwibutsa ubutwari bwe ari nk’ubujya buvugwa na Magdalene (mwene Balthazar Bicamumpaka) na Mukamugema (mwene Dominique Mbonyumutwa).

Mukarugomwa yatongereye icyo asanga ari icyuho gisizwe na Bikindi ati: “Ese Bikindi ibi bitenga bizuzuzwa na nde?” Icyakurikiyeho ni ukwamamaza konti yo gushyigikira icyo yise umurage Bikindi. Ati “Wowe wifuza kujya mu bashobora gukomeza ikivi cya Bikindi, dore aho ushobora kugeza umuganda wawe”: IBAN: FR78 2004 1010 0307 6860 3V02 433; BIC PSSTFRRPPCLE, Paris, France.

Niba iyi Konti ya Banki ihari, uwo ari we wese urwanya Jenoside akwiye gukurikirana abayifunguye n’abayikoresha.  Iby’iyi konti, n’ibyatangajwe n’iradiyo ya Mukarugomwa ku itariki ya 11 Mutarama 2019 n’iby’ikindi gihe. Ikivi Bikindi yasize adashoje kitari ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside ni ikihe?

Ibisingizo bya Nyetera nk’ibya Bikindi

Ndagaruka ku bya Mukarugomwa na Nyetera ku itariki ya 12/9/2019. Uko yasingije Bikindi ni nako yabigenje kuri Antoine Nyetera Theophile (ANT). Ni ubwo Mukarugomwa yakiraga umukobwa we Denise Nyetera. Yatangiye avuga imyato ya Nyetera: “Nyetera ANT, Umututsi wo mu muryango w’Umwami Kigeli III Ndabarasa, bituma yitwa igikomangoma, azwi nk’umuntu utarya iminwa imbere y’ukuri. Azwi nk’umuntu udahakirizwa ngo abone amaramuko cyangwa icyubahiro abikesheje ikinyoma. Ubuhanga bwe mu bugeni n’ubusesenguzi byubakiye ku kutabogama biri mu byamuranze.”

Mukarugomwa agakomeza amutaka: “ANT utarahunze u Rwanda mu gihe ubwami bwari bugeraniwe mu 1959, yaruhunze mu 1994 FPR ifashe ubutegetsi kandi FPR igizwe n’Abatutsi bakomoka ku miryango y’abahunze u Rwanda muri iyo myaka yakurikiye 1959.”

Nyuma yo kumva ibyo Mukarugomwa avuga kuri Bikindi na Nyetera byangejeje ku mwanzuro y’uko uwo ariwe wese uzumva avugwa neza n’uyu mugore, uzajye umenya ko ari mubi, kandi ibyo amuvugaho atari ukuri.

Kuvuga ko ANT yari umuntu uvugisha ukuri bihamanye n’ukuri. Ndatanga ingero nke cyane. Urugero rwa mbere ni aho Nyetera avuga uwo ari we. Ikinyoma cya mbere ni icyo yavuze ku itariki ya 5 Nyakanga 2007 ubwo yatangaga ubuhamya bushinjura umwicanyi Tharcise Renzaho. Muri ICTR, uwunganira Renzaho, Mr. Barnabé Nekuie, yamubajije umwirondoro we avuga ko ari “Umuhungu w’Umwami Kigeri III Ndabarasa.”

Ntabwo yigeze yumva ko ibyo avuze ari ibinyabasazi ngo yikosore. Baramwihoreye icyo kinyoma ubu kiri mu mateka. Nyetera yavutse mu 1933 kandi Umwami Kigeri III Ndabarasa yategetse u Rwanda kuva mu w’1708-1748.

Ikinyoma cya kabiri, nacyo ni icyo yavugiye muri ICTR ku wa 25 Nzeri 2006 mu rubanza rwaburanishirizwagamo Casimir BIZIMUNGU, Justin MUGENZI  Jérôme-Clément BICAMUMPAKA na Prosper MUGIRANEZA. Avoka Michelyne C. St-Laurent wunganiraga Casimir Bizimungu yabajije Nyetera ibijyanye na Radio Muhabura y’Inkotanyi. Nyetera yashubije ko abizi neza nta gushidikanya ko Radio Muhabura yakoreraga i Bujumbura. Niba hari uzi i Bujumbura ho mu Rwanda atari i Burundi, ubwo ni aho.

Ikinyoma cya gatatu nasorezaho kuko ibyo yavuze ari byinshi ni uko ngo mu 1993 hari impunzi z’Abarundi zambutse umupaka nyuma y’urupfu rwa Perezida Merchior Ndadaye, zikajyanwa ku mupaka w’u Rwanda na Uganda. Ngo izo mpunzi zaje mu bihumbi zaje kwicwa n’Inkotanyi. Abazi amateka y’u Rwanda n’aka karere nababwira iki. Ibyo yabivugiye muri ICTR ku itariki 4 Kamena 2007 mu rubanza rwaburanishirizwagamo ba General Augustin NDINDILIYIMANA na Augustin BIZIMUNGU, Major François-Xavier NZUWONEMEYE na Captain Innocent SAGAHUTU.

Ubutoni mu ngoma z’amaraso

Uretse iby’ibyo binyoma, Nyetera ni umuntu uhuza ibitekerezo n’abaJenosideri. Kumwifashisha bakanamuhindura igikomangoma, byari mu rwego rwo gufasha gukwirakwiza ingengabitekerezo ye. Mu manza zose yagiyemo gushinjura abajenosideri yagaragaje uburyo yari umutoni kuva ku gihe cya Kayibanda kugera kuri Sindikubwabo Theodore.

Mu rubanza yagiye gushinjuramo Renzaho yahakanye ko mu Ukwakira 1990, abafashwe babeshyerwa ko ari ibyitso bari bake batari benshi. Nyetera anabwira urukiko ko nta wafashwe mu byitso wigeze wicwa urubozo. Abishwe urubozo icyo gihe baracyariho babana n’ubumuga basigiwe, ni abahamya. Cyakora yavugishije ukuri kwe ko ari we ari na bene wabo ntawigeze afatwa nk’icyitso.

Mu kiganiro cya Mukarugomwa cyo ku wa 12 Nzeri 2019, Denise yavuze ko yakuze amwigisha ko igihugu atari icy’abanyarwanda bose ari “Icy’Abahutu”. Ibyo ugasanga bisobanura igituma Denise yaragiye mu nzira ya se, yo guhakana no gupfobya Jenoside. Mu kiganiro yakoranye na Gaspar Musabyimana wa Radio Inkingi ku itariki ya 13 Gashyantare 2017, Denise Nyetera yahakanye ko nta Jenoside yabaye ko ahubwo abanyarwanda bose ari abaJenosideri.

Nkuko ANT yavuze ko abanyarwanda bose bafite umuco wo kubeshya uretse we wenyine, umukobwa we yemeza ko Jenoside iri mu muco w’abanyarwanda.

Mu kindi kiganiro cya Mukarugomwa cyo ku itariki 30 Ugushyingo 2017, Denise yabajijwe niba ari uwa Nyetera koko kandi ibitekerezo bya se babisangiye. Denise yashubije ko ibimurimo byinshi ari ibya se. Igitangaje ni uko muri icyo kiganiro Denise yahakanye agatsemba ko ntacyo apfana n’Abami Mutara Rudahigwa na Kigeri Ndahindurwa.

Gukomera kwa Nyetera n’urupfu rwa Nyirankwavu

Gukomera kwa ANT mu gihe cy’ubutegetsi bwa Juvenal Habyarimana, bituruka ku makuru yatanzwe n’umukobwa we Denise Nyetera mu kiganiro cyo ku wa 12 Nzeri. Denise yavuze ibyabaye mu 1979 ubwo yigaga mu Ishuri ry’Abakobwa ryo ku Karubanda, ari inkumi y’imyaka cumi n’irindwi (17).

Denise yasobanuye ko yananiranywe n’umurezi wari ushinzwe abakobwa barara witwa Mechtilde NYIRANKWAVU. Byageze aho se Nyetera abyinjiramo akanabyinjizamo na Musenyeri Jean Baptiste GAHAMANYI. Denise akavuga ko habaye inama ihuza umukuru w’ishuri Felicula NYIRAMUTARAMBIRWA na Myr. Gahamanyi. Mechtilde ababwiye ko adashaka ko Denise agaruka muri iryo shuri.

Denise abivuga muri aya magambo: “Mechtilde yaravuze ngo, uyu mwana sinshaka ko agaruka muri iki kigo. Ou bien, ni we cyangwa ni jye.” Abigejeje kuri se, wari ukomeye yariyamiriye ngo arabaza ati: “Ni ko yavuze Mechtilde? Ku ruhanga rwa Munyangaju na Nyetera ngo azaba we cyangwa wowe?” Nyetera ati “Azaba wowe!” Ibi byose bikaba byarabaye mu gihe biteguraga kujya mu biruhuko bya Pasika.

Denise yatekerereje Mukarugomwa ibyakurikiyeho: “Pasika irabaye, tugiye kumva twumva muri radiyo ngo umuryango wa Nyirankwavu Mechtilde uramenyesha uw’abarimu ko yaguye kuri 15. Tuzatangira ku wa mbere! Bati haaa!!” Mukarugomwa amuca mu ijambo ati: “Yitabye Imana?” Denise ati “Yitabye Imana”. Ntasobanura aho kuri 15 havugwa niba ari ah’i Kigali cyangwa niba ari ahandi.

Iryo tangazo ryahise Denise arimo “akora ivarizi” yitegura kugenda, se yari yamubwiye ngo “uzagenda kandi uzasanga adahari.” Uwo bazasanga adahari yari Mechtilde. Ubwo Denise yarakomeje arazinduka ajya ku ishuri. “Ngeze ku ishuri, Nyiramutarambirwa arampamagara ati Mechtilde wari warakubujije amahoro ntahari.”

Nyiramutarambirwa ngo yabajije Denise niba ashobora kwiga umutima utekanye. Ati “Ntuzongere kugira ibibazo n’agahinda kuko Mechtilde adahari.” N’agatwenge ku maso, Denise ati “ku mutima nti nari mbizi, ndaceceka.” Hagati aho ngo Nyetera yarahageze atangira kwihaniza umukuru w’ishuri ko niyongera kumva ibisa n’ibyabameze nka Mechtilde ishuri bazarifunga.

Ubwo bubasha butuma umuntu utumvikanye na Denise apfa aguye “kuri 15” n’ubwo gufungisha ishuri, wumva ubwo ari bwo. Ntibwari ubw’umunyarwanda usanzwe. Kuba ari Umututsi ho byari ibindi.

Mu buhamya bwa Denise, umubyeyi we yari inshuti y’akadasohoka y’abategetsi cyane cyane Major Theoneste Lizinde mwene Mugabushaka wategeka iperereza mu Rwanda. Ubwo Nyakwigendera Mechtilde Nyirankwavu aba azize kutamenya abo yari ahanganye nabo. Apfa nta kivurira.

AbaJenosideri nk’inzirakarengane

Uwo mubano wabayeho hagati ya Nyetera na leta zateguye Jenoside warakomeje ari nayo ntandaro nyakuri ku rwango kuri FPR-Inkotanyi. Urwango yapfanye akanarusigira umukobwa we nk’umurage. Iby’iryo gwingira nzabigarukaho ubutaha.

Reka tujye ku mufatanyabikorwa wundi wa Denise Nyetera navuze witwa Aloys Simpunga uzwi cyane ku maradiyo y’abarwanya Leta y’u Rwanda akanashyigikira abakoze igihugu cyacu mu nda. Ibyo akabikora yitwikiriye icyitwa ‘Urugaga ruhuriwemo n’Imiryango nyarwanda idakora politiki ya Société Civile/ Cadre de Concertation de la Société Civile Rwandaise (CCSCR). Urwo rugaga yarubereye cyangwa aracyari Umuhuzabikorwa waryo.

Simpunga ni muntu ki? Muri make uyu Aloys Simpunga umubwirwa neza na Dusabemungu Gervais bakoranye akaba aherutse gusohora igitabo cyitwa ‘Jenoside n’Ingengabitekerezo yayo mu bategetsi n’abakozi ba Perefegitura y’umujyi wa Kigali 1990-1994’. Muri iki gitabo amakuru ya Simpunga ari kuva ku rupapuro rw’131-139.

Mu gihe cya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994, Aloys Simpunga yari Su-Perefe muri PVK ushinzwe servisi y’Imibereho Myiza y’Abaturage. Nkuko umwanditsi w’iki gitabo abivuga Simpunga akaba umwe mu nkoramutima z’umujenosideri Tharcise Renzaho wayoboraga PVK.

Uyu Simpunga wihaye indi sura i Burayi aho yahungiye ubutabera, yari mu itsinda riyobora ubwicanyi mu mujyi wa Kigali bari barise ‘Cellule de crise’.  Iyi “cellule” Dusabemungu arayisobanura ko “yagenzuraga ubwicanyi mu ma segiteri, ikageza intwaro zo kwica aho zari zikenewe, igakangurira abaturage (Abahutu) ubwicanyi, igacyaha cyangwa igakuzaho abakonseye n’abandi bategetsi ba selire bangaga kwitabira Jenoside, igahwitura abarekaga imirambo y’Abatutsi ahabona aho kuyijugunya mu byobo rusange n’ibindi tubonera umusaruro mubi ku nzibutso za Gisozi, Nyanza n’ahandi…”

Iyo wumva igwingira ryo mu mitekerereze n’imyumvire, nta Simon Bikindi nta  Aloys Simpunga nta Antoine Nyetera. Nta Agnes Mukarugomwa nta Denise Nyetera.

Abari bagize iyo Cellule n’abandi bagize uruhare mu kumara abantu muri Kigali kubera igwingira ry’imitekerereze n’imyumvire ni ah’ubutaha.

Biracyaza….

By: Tom Ndahiro

There is serious discordance between the academic credentials of Professor Charles KM Kambanda as well as his legal practice and his opinions. To his students at St John’s University in New York and his clients New York State as Attorney and Counsel-at-Law, he is a qualified lawyer. But for those who attentively read or listen to his thoughts on Rwanda and the Great Lakes of Africa, he comes out clearly as a second-rate pseudo academic.

Charles Kambanda’s Facebook posts, his interviews and opinions on many forums of promoters of genocide ideology, present an image of a violent extremist bent on radicalising the unwary among the public.

The genocide against Rwanda’s Tutsi wouldn’t have been possible without Hutu extremism cultivated by those who believed that the success or survival of the ‘Hutu’ as a group required militantly hostile action against the ‘Tutsi’, perceived to be as ‘the other’.

These extremists demonstrated personal commitment to perpetrate hostile acts, including verbal attacks and diminishment, hate and the deliberate cultivation of hatred, dehumanisation, discriminatory behaviour, policies and life-threatening violence including killing.

With time, they became ever more extreme as they self-radicalised and their convictions and worldview congealed into Tutsi hatred through a set of texts or narratives. In this process, several individuals identified strongly with the perceived or real grievances of ‘Hutus’ as a group—exhibited hatred, hostility, enmity and detestation towards Tutsi whom they believed were to blame for everything and anything wrong in Rwanda.

This progressed to become an endorsement of any and all increasingly hostile or violent actions against the Tutsi, beginning in the year 1959. In 1994, radicalised extremists and population shot, hacked, stabbed, battered, tortured, drowned, strangled, poisoned, starved, dismembered, robbed, abused, raped, and laughed as they slaughtered more than a million innocent men and women, babies and toddlers within a period of just a 100 days.

Contrary to what they would like you to believe, the many lengthy texts, podcasts and other audio-visual material created by apologists and supporters of the 1994 genocide against Rwanda’s Tutsi and preceding pogroms are not an exercise in semantics. The genocide and other forms of anti-Tutsi action were deliberately aimed at the systematic destruction of the Tutsi population carried out by highly mobilised people and organised groups sponsored by the state and joined by hundreds of thousands of people who broadly agreed with the exterminationist programme.

Genocidal violent extremism in Rwanda was a result of a false but systematically cultivated and deeply-ingrained faith that the ‘Hutu’ had a pressing interest in taking violent actions against the Tutsi. The Hutu-Power leadership mobilised ordinary non-Tutsi civilians to feel personal commitment to become part of such violence. The opinions now propagated by Charles Kambanda are not any different from those of all other unremorseful genocidal leaders like Jean Kambanda, Ferdinand Nahimana, Theoneste Bagosora et al.

 Validating genocide 

To coincide with the 20th commemoration of the genocide in Rwanda, on 7 April 2014, Prof. Charles Kambanda granted an interview to an American genocidaires’ supporter, Ann Garrison. In their echo-chamber conversation, the interviewee opined that the massacres of Tutsi wasn’t genocide but rather a military tactic. “The Hutu were eliminating the Tutsi because they didn’t want the Tutsi to support their fellow Tutsi who were fighting the government.” Thus, to him, the mass murder was not a crime but a legitimate and patriotic undertaking.

Charles Kambanda vindicates the view of Helen Fein, a sociologist and Genocide scholar, who rightly observed that the would-be victims of genocide are seen in the minds of the genocidaires as outside “the boundaries of the universe of obligation.”

For Kambanda, genocide is a normal democratic way of addressing political grievances, which is why, in his conversation with Ann Garrison he predicts that given “total lack of power sharing in Rwanda” with genocidal forces, he believed “we are likely to have the same thing in the future.” That “thing” was genocide!

On a 17 May 2014 Facebook post, Kambanda proclaims: “I am one of the people who are convinced that the massacres in Rwanda should not be referred to as genocide.”  He insists: “It is my submission that those massacres shouldn’t be termed genocide because some people who killed the Tutsi were Tutsi. Some Tutsi who killed the Tutsi were well trained …and are still alive.” A lawyer worth the name wouldn’t dare utter such an outrageous statement which he knows is unprovable.

He again blamed the victims of genocide as perpetrators of the crime against themselves. Supposedly a lawyer, Kambanda avows “it is naive to refer to those massacres as genocide”, and that the “Tutsi genocide” was hoopla for a different purpose. He swore— “I will NEVER buy into that propaganda; it does not make much sense, at least legally.”

On 7 April 2018, the “Law Professor” once again declared: “genocide against the Tutsi” was a “hoax” which “stinks at every turn of rational inquiry!” By putting the genocide against Tutsi between quotes tells it all.

Kambanda’s push of the notion that “legally” there was no genocide and plan to commit the crime relegates Kambanda from being a law professor to an individual with dubious views. Had he been expressing those views as a learned counsel, he would have been aware that there is ample evidence in international jurisprudence and Case Law to prove he is completely wrong. I hope his employer and students took note of that.

Joseph Serugendo was a national committee member of the Interahamwe militia and the chief technician of the infamous Radio Mille Collines (RTLM). In the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) judgement of 12 June 2006, Serugendo acknowledges: “from early 1992 through 1994, as a member of the Interahamwe, he planned with other leaders of the MRND, and the Interahamwe militias, political meetings and rallies aimed at inciting members of the Interahamwe to kill or cause serious harm to members of the Tutsi population with the goal of destroying the Tutsi ethnic group.”

Four days after Joseph Serugendo’s Judgement, and conviction—June 16, 2006, the ICTR Appeals Chamber issued a Judicial Notice establishing it was “a fact of common knowledge” that “between 6 April and 17 July 1994, there was a genocide in Rwanda against the Tutsi ethnic group.” Which legal basis does Kambanda then have to deny what the perpetrators confess and the UN judges confirmed as undeniable fact?

To support his denialist position and defend the genocidal government Kambanda came up with the utter support of genocide. He pushes the speciously preposterous argument that “the then government troops (the Hutu) were disarmed by UN forces, fully disarmed” whereas the Rwandan Patriotic Army (RPA) “was well armed with very many troops in Kigali.”

His easily disproved fairy-tale concludes “the Hutu government and troops had lost power and the war,” asking how therefore the “disarmed Hutu troops could exterminate the Tutsi in front of the armed RPF Tutsi troops?” Impliedly in his completely false claim is that Tutsi were killed by Tutsi, a common narrative of genocide perpetrators and their supporters.

Genocidaire in court and classroom 

What matters is not the best exact word to use to refer to the horrifying events, but an acknowledgement of the reality that there was a planned and concerted effort to eliminate the entirety of the Tutsi in Rwanda, and that this plan found a large number of civilians willing to be direct participants in and beneficiaries from the killing. Genocide then becomes the right word to use, not for its perfection, but because it is the most exact term yet coined to describe the kind of mass killings perpetrated against Rwanda’s Tutsi in 1994.

Killing and murder are an affront to the human conscience. They are always to be regretted. There have been instances of mass murder and brutality in the Great Lakes region of Africa in the last few decades which are all to be abhorred and condemned. But the wholesale extermination in Rwanda in 1994 carried an extra aim, one that proved to be disturbingly popular for a large number of Rwandan citizens: the complete elimination of all Tutsis. They not only sought to kill or punish but to destroy any vestiges of the Tutsi people; physically and as claimants to any sense of citizenship or belonging.

Charles Kambanda’s assertions, rather than shed light on what happened in Rwanda, deliberately set out to obscure the facts. They falsely re-distribute blame, and their seemingly well-meaning word-play end up delivering the usual denialist tropes.

Like the latest mobile phone software release, denial of the genocide perpetrated against Rwanda’s Tutsi has, since 1994, had different eras and versions. Kambanda’s represents a new phase of denial though with a constant aim: To deny the genocide against the Tutsi and by doing so, at a minimum mask guilt, or even set the stage for the resurrection of the genocidal project. All well-meaning people should hold all his declarations and comments in contempt.

Genocide scholar Israel Charny warned of the meta-meaning of genocide denial, which should be kept in mind as one considers Kambanda’s denial: “To deny the countless deaths of a known event of genocide is to celebrate the deaths and to intimate cynically that the doctrine of power which brought about their destruction is still in force, to be used again when opportunity comes.”

Charles Kambanda utterances are an out-and-out specimen of what Israel Charny meant. He is an extremely dangerous purveyor of the genocide ideology hiding behind a mask of an academic and counsel.

On Twitter: @TomNdahiro

By: Tom Ndahiro

Professor Charles Kambanda wears professorial robes, vestments conferred on him by others. There is however a question for his students and the dons of St. John’s University in New York City (NYC): Does his intellect fit his academic vestments? The same question goes to the New York State Bar Association, if he belongs to it. Do St. John’s students and teaching staff deserve a full-fledged genocide ideologue in their midst?

In a comparable case in 2016, Oberlin College, similarly in the US, fired Professor Joy Karega, an assistant professor of rhetoric and composition, following her inappropriate opinions on social media. The sacked don is accused of having claimed that the terrorist Islamic State (ISIS) is an arm of Israeli and US intelligence agencies and that Israel was behind the Charlie Hebdo massacre in Paris. Her many inflammatory declarations were considered anti-Semitic and anti-Israel statements with no basis in fact.

After inquiry, Oberlin’s Board of Trustees voted to terminate Karega for “failing to meet the academic standards that Oberlin requires of its faculty and failing to demonstrate intellectual honesty.” While views were divided, some of her colleagues supported the decision because of what they considered her lack of “professional integrity and fitness.” They expressed such opinions as: “We deplore anti-Semitism and all other forms of bigotry.”

Substantively, Karega’s firing had nothing to do with her academic freedom, but her lack of devotion to truth, and disrespect to evidentiary proof.

Kambanda, a Neo-Nazis fanatic?

I have ever suggested an investigation ought to be carried to ascertain if Prof Charles Kambanda is not more of a cheat than a teacher. Considering his many utterances denying the genocide against Rwanda’s Tutsi, his anti-Tutsi and anti-Rwanda government opinions, are no less criminal than the similar charges which cost Karega her job at Oberlin. Kambanda’s opinions about the genocide fit into the category of “clear and present danger”.

On 9 September 1979, neo-Nazi protesters marched in front of NBC’s NYC headquarters yelling, “Stop the hoax!” and repeatedly shouting no Jews were gassed by the Nazis. A news reporter, asking the protesters why they were opposed to NBC showing the film “Holocaust”, was told the movie was “a Zionist attempt to further instil a guilt complex in the minds of the American people so that we will fail to analyze our Middle East policy objectively, and thus not question the billions of American tax dollars squandered on Israeli military supplies.”

These Holocaust deniers claimed the Nuremberg trials were just a ‘kangaroo court’ conducted by the victors.” They denied Jews were persecuted in Nazi Germany. They denied there was any genocide against the Jews, claiming the policy of Hitler’s Third Reich was “to encourage the emigration of Jews, not extermination.”

If you replace the word “Jews” with “Tutsi”, “Israel” with “Rwanda”, and “Nazi Germany” with “PARMEHUTU” or “Hutu Power”, you get exactly the same narrative Rwandan genocidaires’ and their supporters’ use to deny, trivialise or minimise the genocide against the Tutsi.

One good example of such deniers is Charles Kambanda who, 39 years after the Neo-Nazi demonstration in NYC, sat in the same city proclaiming the genocide against Tutsi was a “hoax which stinks.”

In his response on Facebook on 15 November to my charge that he is a genocide ideologue hiding behind academic freedom to infuse his loathsome ideology, he fully vindicates me. In his usual careless ranting style, Kambanda boasts his “primary mission, as academic and lawyer, is first and foremost to give birth to knowledge and stand for justice.” He then defends his fellow genocidaires as he blames the victims, a standard depraved approach of genocidaires and genocide ideologues. “Some Tutsi, prepared by RPA, infiltrated then Hutu Interahamwe. Their mission was to butcher as many people as possible,” he asserts. He then claims the genocidal militia was led by a Tutsi in order to insinuate the genocide against the Tutsi was perpetrated by the Tutsi themselves.

Kambanda’s Mentors and fellow ideologues

Many of his fellow ideologues, such as Canadian Judi Rever and Belgian Hutu-Power ideologues, Christian DE BEULLE and Martine SYOEN marshal similar ideological arguments, usually under a specious cover of investigative journalism or human rights activism. It is to be noted that comparable arguments have been advanced by Holocaust deniers who have tried very hard to push the idea of Jewish Nazi guards in death camps or Jewish Nazi members.

Charles Kambanda’s convictions are of a very ideological strain. Soon after the genocide, the genocidaires’ leaders created organisations to craft denialist and revisionist narratives. One of those is SOLIDAIRE-Rwanda, whose first report, “Unspecified massacres in Rwanda”, File N° 2 of October 1994. This suggested the Tutsi had infiltrated the Interahamwe militia to commit anti-Tutsi killings to be blamed on the Hutu.

In another article, “Discrimination in the study of asylum seekers files of the Great Lakes Region” of 1 February 2001, Christian DE BEULLE and Martine SYOEN quote the SOLIDAIRE-Rwanda on that matter, concluding Tutsis should also appear on the lists of genocidaires.

Kambanda on “Tutsis in Interahamwe” repeats the canard by Ingabire Victoire published in issue N° 18 of the March 2002 Forum Rwandais, in an article titled: “International Justice of the Rwandan Crisis. Fair justice is the only basis for effective reconciliation”, pushing the following: “… misguided people continue to claim that Rwanda’s conflict is an ethnic one, resulting in the continuing ethnic label of the Rwandan genocide. …). Those who claim to be experts of the Rwandan problem find it difficult to explain how the leader of the Interahamwe, which is accused of the most heinous crimes, was a Tutsi, just as it is hardly acceptable to accuse Mr. Karamira Froduald of ‘being a Hutu Power leader while he was Tutsi.” These oft-repeated but misleading or outright false assertions are simply meant to push the hollow claim there was no genocide, and if it ever happened, the victims were to blame.

In June 1998, Dr James K. Gasana, Rwanda’s Minister of Defence in the early 1990s, who now lives in Switzerland, published ‘The Origins of the use of young people in political violence in Rwanda’. Dr Gasana says in this paper that the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) “played an important role in the creation and marketing” of Coalition for the Defence of the Republic (CDR) a known ultra-extremist Hutu Party.  Dr Gasana adds, “From its beginning, it managed to infiltrate an agent in the high echelons: Hassan Ngeze, editor in chief and owner of the extremist newspaper Kangura. As a double agent, Ngeze was used by both Hutu extremists and RPF to stir up ethnic clashes.”

Four months earlier on 27 February 1998, in an open letter addressed to former President Pasteur Bizimungu and former Vice-President Paul Kagame, entitled: ‘Invitation to dialogue instead of psychological terrorism and the infamy against the Rwandese people striving for peace’, Nkiko Nsengimana, also Swiss-based, who happens to be a Hutu-Power ideologue and current member and leader of FDU-Inkingi says, “Reliable data show that among the most virulent activists of CDR and Interahamwe were agents of RPF, whose mission was to provoke civil clashes. A perfect example is that of the national leader of Interahamwe, Robert Kajuga, who was infiltrated in MRND by RPF. A second example is the journalist Ngeze Hassan of the Kangura newspaper, known by the code: The Reporter of the Second City. Author of the ten Hutu commandments which are symmetrical to the 10 commandments of Tutsi Burundian extremists.” Implied in Nkiko’s claim is that the ‘Hutu Ten Commandments’ was an RPF creation.

A friendly and realistic caution

In their paper “Professional Ethics and the Denial of Armenian Genocide”, genocide scholars Eric Markusen, Robert Jay Lifton, and Roger W. Smith remind readers that nobody should be surprised by some individuals using their academic credentials, skills and cover in direct ways to legitimise genocidal killing projects. The scholars’ reasoning is clear and to the point: Academics and professionals “have done so by lending their talents and prestige to racist, victimizing ideologies that are central features of many genocides, by helping to create and administer the policies and technologies of mass killing and by actually engaging in the killing.” They further advise not to underrate “serious harm” caused by pseudo-scholarly denial of known genocides, because “deliberate denial is a form of aggression that ought to be regarded as a contribution to genocidal violence in its own right.”

The reminder and warning by the three scholars is very relevant to the perpetrators and deniers of the genocide against Rwanda’s Tutsi. These have created an illicit widespread network of a global reach. Several Rwandan and non-Rwandan academics and professionals—historians, lawyers, journalists, medical doctors and paramedics, sociologists, political scientists, clergy, etc., were key actors in all the genocide’s phases, especially the first (its conception) and last (denial).

The attention of fighters against bigotry in cases of denial of serious violent mass crimes like genocide, should not be misled by appeals to the legitimacy of expressions of differences of opinion – which is very healthy – as justification of genocide denial and revisionism.

Thoughtful focus should be put on the dishonesty of genocide-deniers who fabricate proof, falsify or dissimulate information under cover of academic freedom as a license to spread racist, hateful or heinous ideologies like that of genocide.

By: Tom Ndahiro

Fighting genocide—its ideology and denial, requires proper knowledge of who is who among its ideologues and deniers. Majority among the former are Rwandans who happen to in both categories. Once a genocide ideologue, one also automatically becomes a denier. The latter category includes many foreigners who have been duped by Rwandan genocidaires and their non-Rwandan disciples. A majority among the non-Rwandan category served the genocidal regimes; others are trapped by ignorance or relationships—of family or friendship.

Since the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) brought the genocide to an end, efforts to subvert the truth have not only intensified but have gained new adherents.

These include journalists, academics, lawyers, and even some self-styled human rights activists. Few have been as active as Judi Rever, author of ‘In Praise of Blood: The Crimes of the Rwandan Patriotic Front (Penguin Random House, Canada 2018). It is extremely challenging to fathom the depth and cause of the hatred of the likes of Judi Rever, Charles Onana, Jane Corbin and others towards Rwanda’s current government and the RPF without understanding how genocidaires’ pre-planned their crime’s denial. One such plan was explained by Jean Kambanda in 1997, the year Judi Rever is said to have started working on her ‘In Praise of Blood’, which can rightly be called ‘In Praise of genocidaires’.

Kambanda’s revelations 

It is few a minutes before four o’clock, 22 September 1997 in a secure house located in Dodoma, the capital of Tanzania. Jean Kambanda, the genocidaires’ Prime Minister between April-July 1994 who had been arrested in Nairobi, Kenya, on 18 July 1997, is sitting with ICTR investigators Pierre Duclos and Marcel Desaulniers. He had accepted to tell it all—an exercise which lasted more than a year.

In the first few minutes of his first day of his confessions, Jean Kambanda re-counted in detail how the genocide, its denial and accusations against the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) were planned and executed: “Those who were likely to be accused of having committed genocide, crimes against humanity and/or human rights violations were doing everything to deny even the obvious…” Kambanda sounded surprised that his fellow genocidaires denied the crimes that they had committed, going as far as contesting that people were killed during the period between April and July 1994. To this end, he says, “we fabricated all kinds of alibis in which lies had pride of place.”

One of the activities which members of his genocidaire government (in exile) considered to be of utmost urgency was to establish “the responsibility of the RPF and the international community in the Rwandan catastrophe.” Kambanda explained: “Contrary to what one may think, this was the easiest part to prepare since everyone was willing to make contribution and more especially since it was easier for me to sell the idea to the refugees. I had therefore started by gathering elements to constitute a file on the role of the RPF and of the international community in the Rwanda tragedy in general and from April 94 in particular.”

Then Kambanda told the investigators what he personally did to implement the plan to implicate the RPF in the crimes committed in Rwanda: “I set in motion, from the beginning of our exile the intelligence services or the remnants thereof to investigate among the refugees on the role played by the RPF and the international community during the war.”

As they embarked on this project, there was a reliability issue to their findings. “I was well aware that the result we were going to obtain were not going to be given any credibility by the international public opinion, considering the credibility we ourselves enjoyed,” Kambanda told the ICTR investigators.

He then narrated how they fabricated the lies against the RPF: “In conjunction with others, I encouraged the creation of refugee associations for the publication of the investigations. This led to the formation of SOLIDAIRE –Rwanda a.s.b.l, which published the findings of the investigations in South-Kivu, Burundi and Tanzania in three volumes entitled: ‘The Untold side of the Massacre in Rwanda’. The second association was called LIRDHO (Rwandan Refugees Human Rights League) and published mostly findings on acts of violence committed after July 1994. The third association AJPR (Association for Justice and Peace in Rwanda) was formed in the refugee camps of North Kivu, and was opposed to centralising the findings of the investigations by SOLIDAIRE-Rwanda a.s.b.l, preferring to publish them itself, even though the investigations had been carried out by teams set up by my intelligence service. These results were published under the title ‘The Other Side of the Genocide’

After the publication of these reports, Kambanda says, “a team of legal experts was set up to study the procedures of the ICTR and the attitude to be adopted by those appearing before it. They produced a document entitled Vade Mecum for those appearing before the ICTR”. (..)On this point he says, “The idea was to deny every single thing, including the genocide and the massacres themselves. As I had said earlier, I was personally aware that it was not by denials that I would be absolved of my responsibility as Prime Minister during that period. But I could not mention it because it would have been interpreted as treason, and I was well placed to measure the consequences thereof. Since I knew that in any case I was going to get the opportunity to have my say, I played for time; I decided to wait.”

To make sure denial sunk deeper, “meetings were organised on this ‘Vade mecum…’ to categories, ranging from members of government to meetings per prefecture…” This level of sensitisation was fruitful.

In-Praise-of-Criminals

Judi Rever is a special case among the foreigners who have in the recent past distinguished themselves as espousing the genocidaires’ ideology to the core. But many, including publishers of her book are clueless about her source of inspiration. On the opening part of her book’s jacket, the publisher describes Rever’s book as “A stunning work of investigative reporting by a Canadian journalist who has risked her own life to bring us a deeply disturbing history of the Rwandan genocide that takes the true measure of Rwandan head of state Paul Kagame.”

In the publisher’s assessment, the book is a masterwork because of “unparalleled interviews with RPF defectors, former soldiers and atrocity survivors, supported by documents leaked from a UN court, Judi Rever brings us the complete history of the Rwandan genocide.” And then asks why the larger world community hasn’t recognized this truth.

On the back side of the book’s jacket is a brief review by a journalist—Terry Gould, who is also an author of ‘Worth Dying For’ and ‘Murder Without Borders’. Gould says ‘In Praise of Blood’ is “compulsory reading for a world that has acknowledged only half the story of the Rwandan genocide” and that, “We owe a debt of gratitude to Judi Rever for risking her life to bring us the whole truth of that genocide in this great work of investigative journalism.”

After reading Rever’s book, reviewer Linden MacIntyre, another journalist and author of ‘The Bishop’s Man’ says he has discovered the unknown and the ignored ‘truth’ thus commending: “If you thought you understood the genesis of the Rwandan genocide, think again.” Linden’s claim that the world was actually hoodwinked echoes Alan Stam in the BBC’s ‘Untold Story’ that “what the world believes and what actually happened are quite different.” It also coincides to Jane Corbin’s belief that “The senseless barbarity of the genocide still shock us. We think we know the story, but do we?”

The subtitle of Rever’s book is “The crimes of the Rwandan Patriotic Front”, which is exactly what genocidaires and their intelligence apparatus struggled to accomplish, finally finding credence by a Canadian writer. What Kambanda doubted would ever be credible was believed by Penguin Random House, Canada in 2018—and was earlier aired by the BBC2 in 2014.

The real source of the BBC documentary ‘Rwanda, The Untold Story’ is the refugee camps in Zaire, 1994-95. The broadcaster basically reprised “The Untold side of the Massacre in Rwanda” and “The Other Side of the Genocide,” which is exactly the same as what Terry Gould termed ‘half the story of the Rwandan genocide’.

This is how genocidaires’ disciples like Judi Rever have managed to dupe unsuspecting publishers and reviewers.

By: Tom Ndahiro

Ms Judi Rever’s book, ‘In Praise of Blood’ has been extensively publicised, as expected, of a book published by a major global publishing house. Touted as a product of investigative journalism, it is in fact nothing of the sort. It is rather a reproduction of the concocted narratives and material of the planners and perpetrators of the 1994 genocide against Tutsi in their perverse attempt to shift blame for their crime onto their victims and the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) to make them responsible for their own genocide.

From 1959 to today, Hutu-Power ideologues have invariably pushed the view that Tutsi in general, and the RPF in particular which they identify as exclusively Tutsi, are associated with insecurity and war. Both are portrayed as agents of death and all its accoutrements—disease, parasites, anguish, distress and suffering, terror, anxiety, extermination, slavery, subjugation, dictatorship, unpredictability, injustice, manipulation, self-interest, thievery, deceit, inequality, inhumanity, cruelty, indifference, arrogance, heartlessness, contempt for others, etc. This is the same mind-set that Judi Rever and all her fellow apologists for the genocidaires bring to their advocacy efforts.

Good schoolgirl from Canada

Rever’s book has six interrelated storylines, positioning her as among the genocidaires’ most avid disciples: Her posturing as a truth-finder and teller; conviction that Tutsi are evil by nature and that RPF members are comparable to or worse than the Nazis; that genocide of “the Tutsi and Hutu was RPF policy”;  that Hutu intellectuals are RPF’s enemies and hence targets; that the Genocide against the Rwandan Tutsi was fully justified and lastly, her association with known supporters of genocide and her use of genocidaires’ narratives and material without attribution.

All through her book, Rever portrays herself as an altruistic, courageous journalist who for a long time was in search of hidden or ignored truths about the Genocide against the Tutsi which she in any case denies happened.  In keeping with this pro-genocidaire stance, the term she chooses to use on the very first page of her book is “Rwandan genocide”, or sometimes “ethnic and political violence that engulfed the country” which, for her, “stands as the most tragic and misunderstood event of the 20th century.”

Emphatically, she blames what she sees as this misjudgement writers of books (other than hers) and “mainstream media … who failed to grasp the real story” which, she believes, to be “more complex and frightening.” It is allegedly after her detection of that void that she’d been “on the trail of the complete story,” reminiscent of Jean Kambanda’s deployment of his intelligence people to look for the real and untold story.

Rever also charges the international audience of too easily believing the RPF and its leadership (p.153). But as she felt she was dealing with a terrible monster, in a chapter titled “Becoming a target”, she claims she needed to keep her head down and embark on “the search for the truth” (p.199).

She messianically declares the “real truth”, which is that “the RPF never stopped the genocide because they killed before, during and after the genocide with the support of the West and gullible journalists” (p.220)

A good genocidaire devotee

Rever seems not to realise that her very language originates from the Rwandan genocidaires of the 1960s and of the 1990s. The words ‘genocide’ and ‘extermination’ first appeared in relation to the wanton killings of Rwanda’s Tutsi in early 1963-64 bloodbaths of tens of thousands.

The genocide against Rwanda’s Tutsi did not happen only in 1994, but was recurrent and went unpunished for over 34 years. On 1 February 1964, the Associated Press reported an ongoing genocide in Rwanda with systematic slaughter of Tutsis—with rivers filled with mutilated bodies. Two days later on 3 February, The Times of London carried a headline “Rwanda Policy of Genocide Alleged”, while the Belgian daily Le Soir of the same day warned an indifferent world that 250,000 Tutsis were in danger of extermination if nothing was done to save them.

Four days later, on 7 February, a Belgian government report acknowledged genocide in Rwanda was underway, with the slaughter having started on Christmas Eve of 1963. Belgium was wondering about the attitude its diplomats and citizens in Rwanda should adopt with regard to the “ongoing operation of liquidating Tutsis”. The indifferent bystander attitude of the Kingdom worried the government which admitted the cataclysm was taking on an international dimension in which Belgium risked appearing complicit. “It must be borne in mind that Belgium can be accused of participation in a genocide,” the report stated.

To veil the truth of the crimes, Rwanda’s foreign ministry published a 30 page document in early 1964, titled: Toute la Verité sur le Terrorisme Inyenzi Au Rwanda or “The whole Truth about Inyenzi Terrorism in Rwanda.’ The ministry denied any governmental role of in the pogroms instead blaming the rebels “who were attacking government positions in different parts of the country.” This is exactly is the approach Rever adopts.

Fast forward to 1991 when the government of Rwanda started planning and preparing for the genocide against its Tutsi population. In March 1991, Association des Femmes Parlementaires pour la Défense des Droits de la Mère et de l’Enfant (AFAPADEM), in collaboration with convicted genocidaire Dr. Leon Mugesera published a pamphlet under the title “The Whole Truth on the October 1990 War Imposed upon Rwanda by the Aggressors from Uganda Armed Forces”. That style of discourse would continue with all subsequent genocidaire propaganda. Including genocidaires’ good student, Judi Rever.

The world, at least those who care, know the role played by Radio-Télévision Libre des Mille Collines (RTLM) in fanning the fire of genocidal hatred. On 24 November 1993, Habimana Kantano on RTLM airwaves, tells how they are the truth-tellers and the RPF are liars. “They (the RPF) will hide the truth from you and RTLM will reveal it, even if it were to be in trouble because of that. That is our unique assignment.”

On the same day, another RTLM broadcaster declares “You (the RPF) will tell lies to people, and we (RTLM) will tell them the truth”.  On 11 April 1994, four days into the genocide, RTLM’s Kantano announces “the RPF even use lies as a weapon” and four days later, on 15 April 1994—RTLM’s editor-in-chief Gaspar Gahigi states, “We will tell you the truth on our radio”.

The theme of the genocidaires’ veracity versus RPF’s fabrications is further explained by Gaspar Gahigi in his broadcast on RTLM, on 15 May 1994: “The war we are waging since its early days in 1990, was said to concern people who wanted to institute “democracy”. …We have said time and again that it was a lie. …These days, they trumpet, they say the Tutsi are being exterminated, they are being decimated by Hutu, and other things. I would like to tell you, dear listeners of RTLM, that the war we are waging is actually between these two ethnic groups, the Hutu and the Tutsi.”

Post-July 1994 genocide denial was concretised by the defeated Rwanda Armed Forces (RAF) High Command in their retreat-meeting held in Goma, DR Congo—September 2-8, 1994. Their final report was sent on the day, after the meeting, by Major General Augustin Bizimungu to genocidaires Theodore Sindikubwabo and Jean Kambanda, as “President of the Republic of Rwanda and Prime Minister” of their government in exile.

Genocide denial as “truth” is one of the key stratagems in the report. RAF military officials were tasked by their military high command to appeal to Rwandan intellectuals “to tell the truth about the Rwandan problem”, recommending that these intellectuals “must apply for employment at the international level and interface with foreigners.” Ever since, the genocidaire agents have managed to convince a fringe group of foreign gullible disciples whose task is to spread their Rwandan genocidaire beneficiaries’ venomous ideology and gospel of genocide denial.

One of the first responses to the RAF’s proposed charm strategy came from Agnes Ntamabyariro, the Minister of Justice of the genocidal “Rwanda Interim Government” (RIG). Ntamabyariro and her fellow Cabinet members were all ministers of injustice and death, and nothing like justice in their thinking and practice.

On 21 September 1994, Ntamabyariro wrote to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights (UNHCHR) attaching a 20 page document titled, Le Peuple rwandais accuse, or “The ‘Rwandan People Accuse’. The document, which is another magnifier “whole and real truth”, was meant “to help the international community to comprehend who was responsible for what had happened in Rwanda, in particular the genocide against the Tutsi.”

In this RIG document, the Tutsi are blamed for everything wrong and evil that had happened in Rwanda. The same accusation is found in a book titled “Rwanda: Is Hutu blood red?”published in 1995 by Jean Bosco Barayagwiza. The author of the book is another genocidaire “intellectual” and lawyer, the same Ntamabyariro.

On 3 April 1995, the RAF spearheaded the creation of a genocidaire organisation under the name Rally for the Return of Refugees and Democracy (RDR). One of its objectives was to “contribute in throwing light on the tragedy of the Rwandese people”, that is “making known the truth concerning what happened to Hutus”. In his book, which may have been another inspiration for Rever, Barayagwiza says the RPF killed as many Hutu as possible to reduce their number for the Tutsi to become majority people.

In May 1995, the Cameroon branch of intellectuals belonging to the RDR published a booklet entitled “La Verite sur le Drame Rwandais” (The Truth about the Rwandan Tragedy). This “truth”, according to the authors, is that there was no genocide but a tragedy whose victims were mainly the Hutu.

RAF and other killers’ template

In December 1995, the RAF published a huge document meant for the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) titled, “Contribution of RAF to the search for the Truth on the Rwandan tragedy: The War of October 1990 and the Tragedy of April 1994.”  The document denounces the world for its alleged bamboozling by the usual malefactor—the RPF, saying  “…the international community was forced to swallow a version of events concocted and served up by RPF following the media embargo that was imposed on those persons that RPF had named “genocidaires”. The absence of a juxtaposition of views did not allow the international community to consider the Rwandan tragedy in a calm and objective manner.”

The RAF appeal is that “The truth on the Rwandan tragedy must be established without melodrama and emotiveness. Those who are responsible for the Hutu genocide must be prosecuted without leniency, or fear of ruffling RPF’s allies or the manifestly biased UN Security Council.” It adds that, “The truth of the matter is the President’s assassination was planned and executed by RPF with the help of its sponsors and accomplices.”

In June 1996, the same group of genocidaires comprising the RDR’s Cameroon branch published another document titled, “United Nations Security Council Misled About the Presumed ‘Tutsi genocide’ in Rwanda”. This band of criminals contend “there was neither “Tutsi genocide” nor any “genocide” at all in Rwanda.”

The intellectuals in Cameroon were none other than genocidaires Col. Theoneste BAGOSORA, his younger brother Pasteur MUSABE, Dr Ferdinand NAHIMANA, Jean Bosco BARAYAGWIZA, Anatole NSENGIYUMVA, Laurent SEMANZA, Telesphore BIZIMUNGU, Andre NTAGERURA, Jean-Baptiste BUTERA, Augustin RUZINDANA, Michel BAKUZAKUNDI and Col. Felicien MUBERUKA. According to the ICTR archives, in July 1994, after the defeat of the Rwandan army (RAF), Col. Bagosora who can be compared to Nazi Himmler, was appointed “chair of the political and external relations committee of the newly reorganised Rwandan Armed Forces High Command.”

The narrative in the above quote is unabashedly criminal communication meant to convey a nasty message in a seemingly benign way. Whatever is said is a lie. There is no democracy in Rwanda because the RPF is supposed to restore the monarchy in Rwanda. And, there was no genocide but rather an inter-tribal war, which is the narrative so beloved by the genocidaires like Leon Mugesera and their supporters such as Judi Rever, Jane Corbin, Barrie Collins alias Barry Crawford, Catholic Priest Serge Desouter, Charles Onana, Pierre Péan, etc.

The established narrative by all genocidaires and their disciples, without exception, is that Rwanda under the RPF leadership is a dictatorship which loathes democracy. It is repeated by their dupes without knowing that it was set by Leon Mugesera in 1991 in his “Whole Truth …” whatever.

Mugesera and AFAPADEM accuse the RPF of using “lies and slander”; denies that Juvenal Habyarimana’s government never cared about the problem of its refugees and that the TUTSI who had remained in the country were ever mistreated. Mugesera’s “whole truth” is a pack of mirror accusations because what he was accusing the RPF were exactly what genocidaires would subsequently do. The only difference was that the supposed victims-to-be would be the future perpetrators.

Among other things, typical mirror accusations, Mugesera blamed the RPF of being a bunch of “extremists who, from 1962 to 1967, repeatedly shed the blood of the Rwandan people for the fanciful dream of restoring the feudal system and the monarchy.” He asserted the RPF belongs to “bloodthirsty people” with plans to commit “genocide of the Hutu ethnic majority, massacre the political and administrative authorities, and massacre Tutsi refusing to cooperate with the attacker”.

He impugned the RPF with using “illicit methods”, among them “manoeuvres to divide the Rwandan people and provoke civil war.” All of these are key ingredients in Judi Rever’s ‘In Praise of blood” published 27 years after Mugesera provided the template for denial of the genocide at the time yet to be perpetrated against Rwanda’s Tutsi.

The 1995 RAF document was one one—if not the most comprehensive genocide denial scheme, at least until Pierre Péan’s ‘Black furies, White liars’ (2005) and the subsequent Judi Rever book by Penguin Random House, Canada (2018). A close scrutiny of both writers’ work, show very clearly, they  plagiarise heavily from the genocidaire inspirers’ publications, simply clothing the genocidaires’ original fictional material or accusations in a mirror in a pseudo scholarly style and fake investigative journalism.

There is nothing original about this group of genocide deniers. Whenever a genocide has been committed or is planned, perpetrators always invoke “the whole truth” as a denialist cover-up.  This is exactly the script Judi Rever and her fellow disciples of Rwanda’s genocidaires’ are adhering to.

In her book, Rever claims that for the RPF “Eliminating the maximum number of Hutu intellectuals was a priority because these people posed an immediate and future threat of exposing the truth regarding RPF activities. And the death of these intellectuals would weaken the potential for political parties in the short or long term” (p.126).

Rever claims to be convinced Hutu-Power intellectuals are the custodians of truth, notwithstanding their genocidal ideology and mentality. These are the same ‘cognoscente’ quoted above, as assigned by the leaders of the genocidaires and their army in exile to dupe the unwary.

Some of her statements in the book were supposed to be quotes from genocidaires, but she doesn’t have them in quotations—not because of inattentiveness, academic or professional dishonesty, but due to her firm belief in their ideology which she has unapologetically adopted as fully her own.

Judi Rever, like her genocidaire heroes and her foreign genocidaire fellow travellers, is a fully committed disciple on a “sacred mission” to spread the gospel of the Hutu-Power genocidal ideology.

On Twitter: @TomNdahiro